Methods of hydrolyzing oligomers in hemicellulosic liquor

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods of degrading or converting biomass material enriched with hemicellulosic material into fermentable sugars.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a 35 U.S.C. 371 national application of PCT/US2011/063565 filed Dec. 6, 2011, which claims priority or the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 of U.S. provisional application No. 61/420,033 filed Dec. 6, 2010, the content of which are fully incorporated hereby by reference.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a Sequence Listing in computer readable form. The computer readable form is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods of degrading or converting biomass enriched with hemicellulosic material into fermentable sugars.

2. Description of the Related Art

Biomass material provides an attractive platform for generating alternative energy sources to fossil fuels. The conversion of biomass material (such as lignocellulosic feedstock) into Biofuels has the advantages of the ready availability of large amounts of feedstock, the desirability of avoiding burning or land filling the materials, and the cleanliness of the Biofuels (such as ethanol). Wood, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, and municipal solid wastes have been considered as feedstocks for ethanol production. These materials primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Once the biomass material is converted to fermentable sugars, e.g., glucose, the fermentable sugars are easily fermented by yeast into Biofuel.

Utilization of both cellulose and hemicellulose from biomass material is central to the efficient and economically feasible conversion of biomass to Biofuel. The effective hydrolysis of cellulose within biomass material to fermentable sugars such as glucose has been described in the art. However, advances in the hydrolysis of hemicellulose within biomass material to fermentable sugars such as xylose have been limited (see, for example, Saha, 2003, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30: 279-291; Um & van Walsum, 2009, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 153: 127-138; Saddler et al., 1983, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45(1): 153-160; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,473; 5,366,588; and 4,668,340).

It would be an advantage in the art to improve the hydrolysis of hemicellulosic material. The present invention relates to, inter alia, methods of degrading or converting pretreated biomass material enriched in hemicellulosic material with enzyme compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of producing a fermentation product, comprising:

(a) saccharifying biomass material with an enzyme composition, wherein at least about 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) is hemicellulosic material, and wherein the enzyme composition comprises one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase;

(b) fermenting the saccharified biomass material; and

(c) recovering the fermentation product from (b).

The present invention also relates to methods of degrading biomass material, comprising:

(a) pretreating biomass material to provide a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, wherein at least about 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material;

(b) separating the liquid fraction from the solid fraction;

(c) saccharifying the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition comprising one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows monomeric sugar concentration after hydrolysis of biomass enriched with hemicellulosic material using various enzyme compositions as described in Example 3.

FIG. 2 shows monomeric sugar concentration after hydrolysis of biomass enriched with hemicellulosic material using various low-dose enzyme compositions as described in Example 4.

FIG. 3 shows monomeric sugar concentration after hydrolysis of biomass enriched with hemicellulosic material using various beta-xylosidase enzyme compositions as described in Example 5.

FIG. 4 shows monomeric sugar concentration after hydrolysis of biomass enriched with hemicellulosic material using various beta-xylosidase enzyme compositions at constant protein loading as described in Example 6.

DEFINITIONS

Biomass material: As used herein, the term “biomass material” refers to any sugar-containing biomass (e.g., stems, leaves, hulls, husks, and cobs of plants or leaves, branches, and wood of trees) and any component thereof, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignan. It is understood that, unless otherwise specified, biomass material includes untreated, pretreated, and hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed forms (e.g., biomass degraded products, such as oligosaccharides).

Cellulose: As used herein, the term “cellulose” or “cellulosic material” refers to a chemically homogeneous oligosaccharide or polysaccharide of beta-(1-4)-D-glucan (polymer containing beta (1-4) linked D-glucose units). Although generally polymorphous, cellulose can be found in plant tissue primarily as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains. Cellulose is generally found, for example, in the stems, leaves, hulls, husks, and cobs of plants or leaves, branches, and wood of trees. The cellulosic material can be, but is not limited to, herbaceous material, agricultural residue, forestry residue, municipal solid waste, waste paper, and pulp and paper mill residue (see, for example, Wiselogel et al., 1995, in Handbook on Bioethanol (Charles E. Wyman, editor), pp. 105-118, Taylor & Francis, Washington D.C.; Wyman, 1994, Bioresource Technology 50: 3-16; Lynd, 1990, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24/25: 695-719; Mosier et al., 1999, Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, T. Scheper, managing editor, Volume 65, pp. 23-40, Springer-Verlag, New York). Cellulosic material includes any form of cellulose, such as polysaccharides degraded or hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides. It is understood herein that the cellulose may be in the form of a component of lignocellulose, a plant cell wall material containing lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in a mixed matrix.

Hemicellulose: As used herein, the term “hemicellulose” refers to an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide of biomass material other than cellulose. Hemicellulose is chemically heterogeneous and includes a variety of polymerized sugars, primarily D-pentose sugars, such as xylans, xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans, in complex heterogeneous branched and linear polysaccharides or oligosaccharides that are bound via hydrogen bonds to the cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall, and wherein xylose sugars are usually in the largest amount. Hemicelluloses may be covalently attached to lignin, and usually hydrogen bonded to cellulose, as well as to other hemicelluloses, which help stabilize the cell wall matrix forming a highly complex structure. Hemicellulosic material includes any form of hemicellulose, such as polysaccharides degraded or hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides. It is understood herein that the hemicellulose may be in the form of a component of lignocellulose, a plant cell wall material containing lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in a mixed matrix.

Total sugar: As used herein, the term “total sugar” intends the total amount of sugar in the referred system, including all monosaccharides, oligosaccharaides and polysaccharides.

Cellulolytic enzyme or cellulase: The term “cellulolytic enzyme” or “cellulase” means one or more (several) enzymes that hydrolyze a cellulosic material. Such enzymes include endoglucanase(s), cellobiohydrolase(s), beta-glucosidase(s), or combinations thereof. The two basic approaches for measuring cellulolytic activity include: (1) measuring the total cellulolytic activity, and (2) measuring the individual cellulolytic activities (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases) as reviewed in Zhang et al., Outlook for cellulase improvement: Screening and selection strategies, 2006, Biotechnology Advances 24: 452-481. Total cellulolytic activity is usually measured using insoluble substrates, including Whatman No 1 filter paper, microcrystalline cellulose, bacterial cellulose, algal cellulose, cotton, pretreated lignocellulose, etc. The most common total cellulolytic activity assay is the filter paper assay using Whatman No 1 filter paper as the substrate. The assay was established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (Ghose, 1987, Measurement of cellulase activities, Pure Appl. Chem. 59: 257-68).

For purposes of the present invention, cellulolytic enzyme activity is determined by measuring the increase in hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by cellulolytic enzyme(s) under the following conditions: 1-20 mg of cellulolytic enzyme protein/g of cellulose in PCS for 3-7 days at 50° C. compared to a control hydrolysis without addition of cellulolytic enzyme protein. Typical conditions are 1 ml reactions, washed or unwashed PCS, 5% insoluble solids, 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5, 1 mM MnSO₄, 50° C., 72 hours, sugar analysis by AMINEX® HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif., USA).

Endoglucanase: The term “endoglucanase” means an endo-1,4-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.4), which catalyses endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans, and other plant material containing cellulosic components. Endoglucanase activity can be determined by measuring reduction in substrate viscosity or increase in reducing ends determined by a reducing sugar assay (Zhang et al., 2006, Biotechnology Advances 24: 452-481). For purposes of the present invention, endoglucanase activity is determined using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate according to the procedure of Ghose, 1987, Pure and Appl. Chem. 59: 257-268, at pH 5, 40° C.

Cellobiohydrolase: The term “cellobiohydrolase” means a 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.91), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, cellooligosaccharides, or any beta-1,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chain (Teeri, 1997, Crystalline cellulose degradation: New insight into the function of cellobiohydrolases, Trends in Biotechnology 15: 160-167; Teeri et al., 1998, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases: why so efficient on crystalline cellulose?, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 26: 173-178). For purposes of the present invention, cellobiohydrolase activity is determined according to the procedures described by Lever et al., 1972, Anal. Biochem. 47: 273-279; van Tilbeurgh et al., 1982, FEBS Letters, 149: 152-156; van Tilbeurgh and Claeyssens, 1985, FEBS Letters, 187: 283-288; and Tomme et al., 1988, Eur. J. Biochem. 170: 575-581; and van Tilbeurgh et al., 1985, Eur. J. Biochem. 148: 329-334. The Lever et al. method can be employed to assess hydrolysis of cellulose in corn stover, while the methods of van Tilbeurgh et al. and Tomme et al. can be used to determine cellobiohydrolase I activity on 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-lactopyranoside.

Beta-glucosidase: The term “beta-glucosidase” means a beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.21), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose. For purposes of the present invention, beta-glucosidase activity is determined according to the basic procedure described by Venturi et al., 2002, Extracellular beta-D-glucosidase from Chaetomium thermophilum var. coprophilum: production, purification and some biochemical properties, J. Basic Microbiol. 42: 55-66. One unit of beta-glucosidase is defined as 1.0 μmole of p-nitrophenolate anion produced per minute at 25° C., pH 4.8 from 1 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 50 mM sodium citrate containing 0.01% TWEEN® 20.

Polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity: The term “polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity” means a GH61 polypeptide that catalyzes the enhancement of the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by enzyme having cellulolytic activity. For purposes of the present invention, cellulolytic enhancing activity is determined by measuring the increase in reducing sugars or the increase of the total of cellobiose and glucose from the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by cellulolytic enzyme under the following conditions: 1-50 mg of total protein/g of cellulose in PCS, wherein total protein is comprised of 50-99.5% w/w cellulolytic enzyme protein and 0.5-50% w/w protein of a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity for 1-7 days at 50° C. compared to a control hydrolysis with equal total protein loading without cellulolytic enhancing activity (1-50 mg of cellulolytic protein/g of cellulose in PCS). In one aspect, a mixture of CELLUCLAST® 1.5 L (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in the presence of 2-3% of total protein weight Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (recombinantly produced in Aspergillus oryzae according to WO 02/095014) or 2-3% of total protein weight Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (recombinantly produced in Aspergillus oryzae as described in WO 2002/095014) of cellulase protein loading is used as the source of the cellulolytic activity.

The GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity enhance the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material catalyzed by enzyme having cellulolytic activity by reducing the amount of cellulolytic enzyme required to reach the same degree of hydrolysis preferably at least 1.01-fold, more preferably at least 1.05-fold, more preferably at least 1.10-fold, more preferably at least 1.25-fold, more preferably at least 1.5-fold, more preferably at least 2-fold, more preferably at least 3-fold, more preferably at least 4-fold, more preferably at least 5-fold, even more preferably at least 10-fold, and most preferably at least 20-fold.

Family 61 glycoside hydrolase: The term “Family 61 glycoside hydrolase” or “Family GH61” or “GH61” means a polypeptide falling into the glycoside hydrolase Family 61 according to Henrissat B., 1991, A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Biochem. J. 280: 309-316, and Henrissat B., and Bairoch A., 1996, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases, Biochem. J. 316: 695-696.

Hemicellulolytic enzyme or hemicellulase: The term “hemicellulolytic enzyme” or “hemicellulase” means one or more (several) enzymes that hydrolyze a hemicellulosic material. See, for example, Shallom, D. and Shoham, Y. Microbial hemicellulases. Current Opinion In Microbiology, 2003, 6(3): 219-228). Hemicellulases are key components in the degradation of plant biomass. Examples of hemicellulases include, but are not limited to, an acetylmannan esterase, an acetyxylan esterase, an arabinanase, an arabinofuranosidase, a coumaric acid esterase, a feruloyl esterase, a galactosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronoyl esterase, a mannanase, a mannosidase, a xylanase, and a xylosidase. The catalytic modules of hemicellulases are either glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, or carbohydrate esterases (CEs), which hydrolyze ester linkages of acetate or ferulic acid side groups. These catalytic modules, based on homology of their primary sequence, can be assigned into GH and CE families marked by numbers. Some families, with overall similar fold, can be further grouped into clans, marked alphabetically (e.g., GH-A). A most informative and updated classification of these and other carbohydrate active enzymes is available on the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) database. Hemicellulolytic enzyme activities can be measured according to Ghose and Bisaria, 1987, Pure & Appl. Chem. 59: 1739-1752.

Xylan degrading activity or xylanolytic activity: The term “xylan degrading activity” or “xylanolytic activity” means a biological activity that hydrolyzes xylan-containing material. The two basic approaches for measuring xylanolytic activity include: (1) measuring the total xylanolytic activity, and (2) measuring the individual xylanolytic activities (e.g., endoxylanases, beta-xylosidases, arabinofuranosidases, alpha-glucuronidases, acetylxylan esterases, feruloyl esterases, and alpha-glucuronyl esterases). Recent progress in assays of xylanolytic enzymes was summarized in several publications including Biely and Puchard, Recent progress in the assays of xylanolytic enzymes, 2006, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86(11): 1636-1647; Spanikova and Biely, 2006, Glucuronoyl esterase—Novel carbohydrate esterase produced by Schizophyllum commune, FEBS Letters 580(19): 4597-4601; Herrmann, Vrsanska, Jurickova, Hirsch, Biely, and Kubicek, 1997, The beta-D-xylosidase of Trichoderma reesei is a multifunctional beta-D-xylan xylohydrolase, Biochemical Journal 321: 375-381.

Total xylan degrading activity can be measured by determining the reducing sugars formed from various types of xylan, including, for example, oat spelt, beechwood, and larchwood xylans, or by photometric determination of dyed xylan fragments released from various covalently dyed xylans. The most common total xylanolytic activity assay is based on production of reducing sugars from polymeric 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan as described in Bailey, Biely, Poutanen, 1992, Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity, Journal of Biotechnology 23(3): 257-270. Xylanase activity can also be determined with 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 0.01% Triton X-100 and 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6 at 37° C. One unit of xylanase activity is defined as 1.0 μmole of azurine produced per minute at 37° C., pH 6 from 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 6 buffer.

For purposes of the present invention, xylan degrading activity is determined by measuring the increase in hydrolysis of birchwood xylan (Sigma Chemical Co., Inc., St. Louis, Mo., USA) by xylan-degrading enzyme(s) under the following typical conditions: 1 ml reactions, 5 mg/ml substrate (total solids), 5 mg of xylanolytic protein/g of substrate, 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5, 50° C., 24 hours, sugar analysis using p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PHBAH) assay as described by Lever, 1972, A new reaction for colorimetric determination of carbohydrates, Anal. Biochem 47: 273-279.

Xylanase: The term “xylanase” means a 1,4-beta-D-xylan-xylohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.8) that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans. For purposes of the present invention, xylanase activity is determined with 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 0.01% Triton X-100 and 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6 at 37° C. One unit of xylanase activity is defined as 1.0 mole of azurine produced per minute at 37° C., pH 6 from 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 6 buffer.

Beta-xylosidase: The term “beta-xylosidase” means a beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.37) that catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of short beta (1→4)-xylooligosaccharides, to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini. For purposes of the present invention, one unit of beta-xylosidase is defined as 1.0 μmole of p-nitrophenolate anion produced per minute at 40° C., pH 5 from 1 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside as substrate in 100 mM sodium citrate containing 0.01% TWEEN® 20.

Acetylxylan esterase: The term “acetylxylan esterase” means a carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.72) that catalyses the hydrolysis of acetyl groups from polymeric xylan, acetylated xylose, acetylated glucose, alpha-napthyl acetate, and p-nitrophenyl acetate. For purposes of the present invention, acetylxylan esterase activity is determined using 0.5 mM p-nitrophenylacetate as substrate in 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0 containing 0.01% TWEEN™ 20. One unit of acetylxylan esterase is defined as the amount of enzyme capable of releasing 1 μmole of p-nitrophenolate anion per minute at pH 5, 25° C.

Feruloyl esterase: The term “feruloyl esterase” means a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl-sugar hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.73) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl(feruloyl) group from an esterified sugar, which is usually arabinose in “natural” substrates, to produce ferulate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate). Feruloyl esterase is also known as ferulic acid esterase, hydroxycinnamoyl esterase, FAE-III, cinnamoyl ester hydrolase, FAEA, cinnAE, FAE-I, or FAE-II. For purposes of the present invention, feruloyl esterase activity is determined using 0.5 mM p-nitrophenylferulate as substrate in 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0. One unit of feruloyl esterase equals the amount of enzyme capable of releasing 1 μmole of p-nitrophenolate anion per minute at pH 5, 25° C.

Alpha-glucuronidase: The term “alpha-glucuronidase” means an alpha-D-glucosiduronate glucuronohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.139) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an alpha-D-glucuronoside to D-glucuronate and an alcohol. For purposes of the present invention, alpha-glucuronidase activity is determined according to de Vries, 1998, J. Bacteriol. 180: 243-249. One unit of alpha-glucuronidase equals the amount of enzyme capable of releasing 1 μmole of glucuronic or 4-O-methylglucuronic acid per minute at pH 5, 40° C.

Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase: The term “alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase” means an alpha-L-arabinofuranoside arabinofuranohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.55) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoside residues in alpha-L-arabinosides. The enzyme acts on alpha-L-arabinofuranosides, alpha-L-arabinans containing (1,3)- and/or (1,5)-linkages, arabinoxylans, and arabinogalactans. Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase is also known as arabinosidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-L-arabinosidase, alpha-arabinofuranosidase, polysaccharide alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, alpha-L-arabinofuranoside hydrolase, L-arabinosidase, or alpha-L-arabinanase. For purposes of the present invention, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activity is determined using mg of medium viscosity wheat arabinoxylan (Megazyme International Ireland, Ltd., Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland) per ml of 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5 in a total volume of 200 μl for minutes at 40° C. followed by arabinose analysis by AMINEX® HPX-87H column chromatography (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif., USA).

Isolated or purified: The term “isolated” or “purified” means a polypeptide or polynucleotide that is removed from at least one component with which it is naturally associated. For example, a polypeptide may be at least 1% pure, e.g., at least 5% pure, at least 10% pure, at least 20% pure, at least 40% pure, at least 60% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 90% pure, or at least 95% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE, and a polynucleotide may be at least 1% pure, e.g., at least 5% pure, at least 10% pure, at least 20% pure, at least 40% pure, at least 60% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 90% pure, or at least 95% pure, as determined by agarose electrophoresis.

Mature polypeptide: The term “mature polypeptide” means a polypeptide in its final form following translation and any post-translational modifications, such as N-terminal processing, C-terminal truncation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, etc. It is known in the art that a host cell may produce a mixture of two of more different mature polypeptides (i.e., with a different C-terminal and/or N-terminal amino acid) expressed by the same polynucleotide. The mature polypeptide can be predicted using the SignalP program (Nielsen et al., 1997, Protein Engineering 10:1-6).

Mature polypeptide coding sequence: The term “mature polypeptide coding sequence” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that encodes a mature polypeptide having biological activity. The mature polypeptide coding sequence can be predicted using the SignalP program (Nielsen et al., 1997, supra).

Sequence Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “sequence identity”.

For purposes of the present invention, the degree of sequence identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, Trends Genet. 16: 276-277), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. The optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix. The output of Needle labeled “longest identity” (obtained using the -nobrief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows: (Identical Residues×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps in Alignment)

For purposes of the present invention, the degree of sequence identity between two deoxyribonucleotide sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, supra) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, supra), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. The optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EDNAFULL (EMBOSS version of NCBI NUC4.4) substitution matrix. The output of Needle labeled “longest identity” (obtained using the -nobrief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows: (Identical Deoxyribonucleotides×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps in Alignment) Polypeptide fragment: The term “fragment” means a polypeptide having one or more (several) amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of a mature polypeptide; wherein the fragment has biological activity.

Subsequence: The term “subsequence” means a polynucleotide having one or more (several) nucleotides deleted from the 5′ and/or 3′ end of a mature polypeptide coding sequence; wherein the subsequence encodes a fragment having biological activity.

Allelic variant: The term “allelic variant” means any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences. An allelic variant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.

Coding sequence: The term “coding sequence” means a polynucleotide, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG, and TGA. The coding sequence may be a DNA, cDNA, synthetic, or recombinant polynucleotide.

cDNA: The term “cDNA” means a DNA molecule that can be prepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced, mRNA molecule obtained from a eukaryotic cell. cDNA lacks intron sequences that may be present in the corresponding genomic DNA. The initial, primary RNA transcript is a precursor to mRNA that is processed through a series of steps, including splicing, before appearing as mature spliced mRNA.

Nucleic acid construct: The term “nucleic acid construct” means a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or is modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature or which is synthetic. The term nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence of the present invention.

Control sequences: The term “control sequences” means all components necessary for the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide or native or foreign to each other. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide.

Operably linked: The term “operably linked” means a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of a polynucleotide such that the control sequence directs the expression of the coding sequence.

Expression: The term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion.

Expression vector: The term “expression vector” means a linear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide and is operably linked to additional nucleotides that provide for its expression.

Host cell: The term “host cell” means any cell type that is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication.

Variant: The term “variant” means a polypeptide comprising an alteration, i.e., a substitution, insertion, and/or deletion of one or more (several) amino acid residues at one or more (several) positions. A substitution means a replacement of an amino acid occupying a position with a different amino acid; a deletion means removal of an amino acid occupying a position; and an insertion means adding one or more (several) amino acids, e.g., 1-5 amino acids, adjacent to an amino acid occupying a position.

Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes aspects that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes the aspect “X”.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “or,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is understood that the aspects of the invention described herein include “consisting” and/or “consisting essentially of” aspects.

Unless defined otherwise or clearly indicated by context, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to, inter alia, methods of degrading or converting pretreated biomass enriched with hemicellulosic material. Although cellulases are known for their role in the degradation of cellulosic material, the present invention relates to the surprisingly synergistic effect of adding one or more (several) cellulosic enzymes to an enzyme composition containing beta-xylosidase resulting in enhanced degradation of hemicellulosic material.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to methods of degrading biomass material, comprising:

(a) pretreating biomass material to provide a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, wherein at least about 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) dissolved in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material;

(b) separating the liquid fraction from the solid fraction;

(c) saccharifying the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition comprising one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase.

In one aspect, the methods above further comprise recovering the resulting xylose following the saccharifying step using technology well known in the art.

The present invention also relates to methods of producing a fermentation product, comprising:

(a) pretreating biomass material to provide a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, wherein at least about 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) dissolved in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material;

(b) separating the liquid fraction from the solid fraction;

(c) saccharifying the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition comprising one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase;

(d) fermenting the saccharified biomass material; and

(c) recovering the fermentation product from (d).

In some aspects of the methods above, at least about 55% of the biomass material (or total sugar) dissolved in the liquid fraction, e.g., at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%, is hemicellulosic material.

The present invention also relates to methods of producing a fermentation product, comprising:

(a) saccharifying biomass material with an enzyme composition, wherein at least 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) is hemicellulosic material, and wherein the enzyme composition comprises one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase;

(b) fermenting the saccharified biomass material; and

(c) recovering the fermentation product from (b).

In some aspects, at least about 55% of the biomass material (or total sugar), e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, is hemicellulosic material.

For each of the methods above, pretreating the biomass material may comprise, e.g., a chemical pretreatment, a physical pretreatment, or a chemical pretreatment and a physical pretreatment. In one embodiment, pretreating the biomass material comprises treating the biomass material with a chemical pretreatment. In another embodiment, pretreating the biomass material comprises treating the biomass material with a physical pretreatment. In another embodiment, pretreating the biomass material comprises treating the biomass material with a chemical pretreatment and a physical pretreatment.

The processing of biomass material according to the present invention can be accomplished using processes conventional in the art as described herein. Moreover, the methods of the present invention can be implemented using any conventional biomass processing apparatus configured to operate in accordance with the invention.

Hydrolysis (saccharification) and fermentation, separate or simultaneous, include, but are not limited to, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF); simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF); simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF); hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF); separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF); hybrid hydrolysis and co-fermentation (HHCF); and direct microbial conversion (DMC). SHF uses separate process steps to first enzymatically hydrolyze biomass material to fermentable sugars, e.g., glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, and pentose sugars, and then ferment the fermentable sugars to ethanol. In SSF, the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass material and the fermentation of sugars to ethanol are combined in one step (Philippidis, G. P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212). SSCF involves the cofermentation of multiple sugars (Sheehan, J., and Himmel, M., 1999, Enzymes, energy and the environment: A strategic perspective on the U.S. Department of Energy's research and development activities for bioethanol, Biotechnol. Prog. 15: 817-827). HHF involves a separate hydrolysis step, and in addition a simultaneous saccharification and hydrolysis step, which can be carried out in the same reactor. The steps in an HHF process can be carried out at different temperatures, i.e., high temperature enzymatic saccharification followed by SSF at a lower temperature that the fermentation strain can tolerate. DMC combines all three processes (enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation) in one or more (several) steps where the same organism is used to produce the enzymes for conversion of the biomass material to fermentable sugars and to convert the fermentable sugars into a final product (Lynd, L. R., Weimer, P. J., van Zyl, W. H., and Pretorius, I. S., 2002, Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Reviews 66: 506-577). It is understood herein that any method known in the art comprising pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis (saccharification), fermentation, or a combination thereof, can be used in the practicing the methods of the present invention.

A conventional apparatus can include a fed-batch stirred reactor, a batch stirred reactor, a continuous flow stirred reactor with ultrafiltration, and/or a continuous plug-flow column reactor (Femanda de Castilhos Corazza, Flavio Faria de Moraes, Gisella Maria Zanin and Ivo Neitzel, 2003, Optimal control in fed-batch reactor for the cellobiose hydrolysis, Acta Scientiarum. Technology 25: 33-38; Gusakov, A. V., and Sinitsyn, A. P., 1985, Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: 1. A mathematical model for a batch reactor process, Enz. Microb. Technol. 7: 346-352), an attrition reactor (Ryu, S. K., and Lee, J. M., 1983, Bioconversion of waste cellulose by using an attrition bioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25: 53-65), or a reactor with intensive stirring induced by an electromagnetic field (Gusakov, A. V., Sinitsyn, A. P., Davydkin, I. Y., Davydkin, V. Y., Protas, O. V., 1996, Enhancement of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis using a novel type of bioreactor with intensive stirring induced by electromagnetic field, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 56: 141-153). Additional reactor types include: fluidized bed, upflow blanket, immobilized, and extruder type reactors for hydrolysis and/or fermentation.

Pretreatment.

In practicing the methods of the present invention, any pretreatment process known in the art can be used to disrupt plant cell wall components of biomass material (Chandra et al., 2007, Substrate pretreatment: The key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics? Adv. Biochem. EnginJ Biotechnol. 108: 67-93; Galbe and Zacchi, 2007, Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for efficient bioethanol production, Adv. Biochem. Engin./Biotechnol. 108: 41-65; Hendriks and Zeeman, 2009, Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass, Bioresource Technol. 100: 10-18; Mosier et al., 2005, Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, Bioresource Technol. 96: 673-686; Taherzadeh and Karimi, 2008, Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review, Int. J. of Mol. Sci. 9: 1621-1651; Yang and Wyman, 2008, Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol, Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining-Biofpr. 2: 26-40).

The biomass material can also be subjected to particle size reduction, pre-soaking, wetting, washing, or conditioning prior to pretreatment using methods known in the art.

Conventional pretreatments include, but are not limited to, steam pretreatment (with or without explosion), dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolv pretreatment, and biological pretreatment. Additional pretreatments include ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation, microwave, supercritical CO₂, supercritical H₂O, ozone, and gamma irradiation pretreatments. In one embodiment, the pretreatment is steam explosion pretreatment.

The biomass material can be pretreated before hydrolysis and/or fermentation. Pretreatment is preferably performed prior to the hydrolysis. Alternatively, the pretreatment can be carried out simultaneously with enzyme hydrolysis to release fermentable sugars, such as glucose, xylose, and/or cellobiose. In most cases the pretreatment step itself results in some conversion of biomass to fermentable sugars (even in absence of enzymes).

Steam Pretreatment: In steam pretreatment, cellulosic material is heated to disrupt the plant cell wall components, including lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose to make the cellulose and other fractions, e.g., hemicellulose, accessible to enzymes. Biomass material is passed to or through a reaction vessel where steam is injected to increase the temperature to the required temperature and pressure and is retained therein for the desired reaction time. Steam pretreatment may be performed at 140-230° C., e.g., 160-200° C., or 170-190° C., where the optimal temperature range depends on any addition of a chemical catalyst. Residence time for the steam pretreatment may be 1-15 minutes, e.g., 3-12 minutes, or 4-10 minutes, where the optimal residence time depends on temperature range and any addition of a chemical catalyst. Steam pretreatment allows for relatively high solids loadings, so that biomass material is generally only moist during the pretreatment. The steam pretreatment is often combined with an explosive discharge of the material after the pretreatment, which is known as steam explosion, that is, rapid flashing to atmospheric pressure and turbulent flow of the material to increase the accessible surface area by fragmentation (Duff and Murray, 1996, Bioresource Technology 855: 1-33; Galbe and Zacchi, 2002, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59: 618-628; U.S. Patent Application No. 20020164730). During steam pretreatment, hemicellulose acetyl groups are cleaved and the resulting acid autocatalyzes partial hydrolysis of the hemicellulose to hemicellulose monosaccharides and hemicellulose oligosaccharides, which become more solubilized. Lignin is removed to only a limited extent. The resulting liquor primarily contains dissolved hemicellulosic material (e.g., hemicellulose monosaccharides and hemicellulose oligosaccharides), whereas the remaining solids primarily consists of cellulosic material.

Separating the liquor (liquid fraction) from the solids (solid fraction) can conducted using techniques know in the art, such as, for example, centrifugation, filtration (e.g., vacuum filtration, pressure filtration), extraction, gravity settling, screw press, belt press, and decantation. In one aspect, the liquid fraction is separated from the solid fraction by any means described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0263814.

A catalyst such as H₂SO₄ or SO₂ (typically 0.3 to 3% w/w) is often added prior to steam pretreatment, which decreases the time and temperature, increases the recovery, and improves enzymatic hydrolysis (Ballesteros et al., 2006, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 129-132: 496-508; Varga et al., 2004, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 113-116: 509-523; Sassner et al., 2006, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 39: 756-762).

Chemical Pretreatment: The term “chemical treatment” refers to any chemical pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin. Examples of suitable chemical pretreatment processes include, for example, dilute acid pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, ammonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX), ammonia percolation (APR), and organosolv pretreatments.

In dilute acid pretreatment, biomass material is mixed with dilute acid, typically H₂SO₄, and water to form a slurry, heated by steam to the desired temperature, and after a residence time flashed to atmospheric pressure. The dilute acid pretreatment can be performed with a number of reactor designs, e.g., plug-flow reactors, counter-current reactors, or continuous counter-current shrinking bed reactors (Duff and Murray, 1996, supra; Schell et al., 2004, Bioresource Technol. 91: 179-188; Lee et al., 1999, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 65: 93-115).

Several methods of pretreatment under alkaline conditions can also be used. These alkaline pretreatments include, but are not limited to, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, ammonia percolation (APR), and ammonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX).

Lime pretreatment is performed with calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or ammonia at low temperatures of 85-150° C. and residence times from 1 hour to several days (Wyman et al., 2005, Bioresource Technol. 96: 1959-1966; Mosier et al., 2005, Bioresource Technol. 96: 673-686). WO 2006/110891, WO 2006/11899, WO 2006/11900, and WO 2006/110901 disclose pretreatment methods using ammonia.

Wet oxidation is a thermal pretreatment performed typically at 180-200° C. for 5-15 minutes with addition of an oxidative agent such as hydrogen peroxide or over-pressure of oxygen (Schmidt and Thomsen, 1998, Bioresource Technol. 64: 139-151; Palonen et al., 2004, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 117: 1-17; Varga et al., 2004, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 88: 567-574; Martin et al., 2006, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 81: 1669-1677). The pretreatment is performed at preferably 1-40% dry matter, more preferably 2-30% dry matter, and most preferably 5-20% dry matter, and often the initial pH is increased by the addition of alkali such as sodium carbonate.

A modification of the wet oxidation pretreatment method, known as wet explosion (combination of wet oxidation and steam explosion), can handle dry matter up to 30%. In wet explosion, the oxidizing agent is introduced during pretreatment after a certain residence time. The pretreatment is then ended by flashing to atmospheric pressure (WO 2006/032282).

Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) involves treating biomass material with liquid or gaseous ammonia at moderate temperatures such as 90-100° C. and high pressure such as 17-bar for 5-10 minutes, where the dry matter content can be as high as 60% (Gollapalli et al., 2002 , Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 98: 23-35; Chundawat et al., 2007, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 96: 219-231; Alizadeh et al., 2005, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 121: 1133-1141; Teymouri et al., 2005, Bioresource Technol. 96: 2014-2018). AFEX pretreatment results in the depolymerization of cellulose and partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes are cleaved.

Organosolv pretreatment delignifies biomass material by extraction using aqueous ethanol (40-60% ethanol) at 160-200° C. for 30-60 minutes (Pan et al., 2005, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 90: 473-481; Pan et al., 2006, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 94: 851-861; Kurabi et al., 2005, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 121: 219-230). Sulphuric acid is usually added as a catalyst. In organosolv pretreatment, the majority of hemicellulose is removed.

Other examples of suitable pretreatment methods are described by Schell et al., 2003, Appl. Biochem. and Biotechnol. Vol. 105-108, p. 69-85, and Mosier et al., 2005, Bioresource Technology 96: 673-686, and U.S. Published Application 2002/0164730.

In one aspect, the chemical pretreatment is preferably carried out as an acid treatment, and more preferably as a continuous dilute and/or mild acid treatment. The acid is typically sulfuric acid, but other acids can also be used, such as acetic acid, citric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, hydrogen chloride, or mixtures thereof. Mild acid treatment is conducted in the pH range of preferably 1-5, more preferably 1-4, and most preferably 1-3. In one aspect, the acid concentration is in the range from preferably 0.01 to 20 wt % acid, more preferably 0.05 to 10 wt % acid, even more preferably 0.1 to 5 wt % acid, and most preferably 0.2 to 2.0 wt % acid. The acid is contacted with biomass material and held at a temperature in the range of preferably 160-220° C., and more preferably 165-195° C., for periods ranging from seconds to minutes to, e.g., 1 second to 60 minutes.

In another aspect, pretreatment is carried out as an ammonia fiber explosion step (AFEX pretreatment step).

In another aspect, pretreatment is carried out as a steam pretreatment step (e.g., steam explosion pretreatment, such as the pretreatment described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0263814).

In another aspect, pretreatment takes place in an aqueous slurry. In one aspect, biomass material is present during pretreatment in amounts preferably between 10-80 wt %, e.g., between 20-70 wt %, or between 30-60 wt %, such as around 50 wt %. The pretreated biomass material can be unwashed or washed using any method known in the art, e.g., washed with water.

Mechanical Pretreatment: The term “mechanical pretreatment” refers to various types of grinding or milling (e.g., dry milling, wet milling, or vibratory ball milling).

Physical Pretreatment: The term “physical pretreatment” refers to any pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin from biomass material. For example, physical pretreatment can involve irradiation (e.g., microwave irradiation), steaming/steam explosion, hydrothermolysis, and combinations thereof.

Physical pretreatment can involve high pressure and/or high temperature (steam explosion). In one aspect, high pressure means pressure in the range of preferably about 300 to about 600 psi, more preferably about 350 to about 550 psi, and most preferably about 400 to about 500 psi, such as around 450 psi. In another aspect, high temperature means temperatures in the range of about 100° C. to about 300° C., preferably about 140° C. to about 235° C. In one aspect, mechanical pretreatment is performed in a batch-process, steam gun hydrolyzer system that uses high pressure and high temperature as defined above, e.g., a Sunds Hydrolyzer available from Sunds Defibrator AB, Sweden.

Combined Physical and Chemical Pretreatment: Biomass material can be pretreated both physically and chemically. For instance, the pretreatment step can involve dilute or mild acid treatment and high temperature and/or pressure treatment. The physical and chemical pretreatments can be carried out sequentially or simultaneously, as desired. A mechanical pretreatment can also be included.

Accordingly, in one aspect, cellulosic material is subjected to mechanical, chemical, or physical pretreatment, or any combination thereof, to promote the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin.

Biological Pretreatment: The term “biological pretreatment” refers to any biological pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin from biomass material. Biological pretreatment techniques can involve applying lignin-solubilizing microorganisms (see, for example, Hsu, T.- A., 1996, Pretreatment of biomass, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212; Ghosh and Singh, 1993, Physicochemical and biological treatments for enzymatic/microbial conversion of cellulosic biomass, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 39: 295-333; McMillan, J. D., 1994, Pretreating lignocellulosic biomass: a review, in Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production, Himmel, M. E., Baker, J. O., and Overend, R. P., eds., ACS Symposium Series 566, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., chapter 15; Gong, C. S., Cao, N. J., Du, J., and Tsao, G. T., 1999, Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, T., ed., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65: 207-241; Olsson and Hahn-Hagerdal, 1996, Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for ethanol production, Enz. Microb. Tech. 18: 312-331; and Vallander and Eriksson, 1990, Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: State of the art, Adv. Biochem. EngJ Biotechnol. 42: 63-95).

Saccharification.

In the hydrolysis step, also known as saccharification, the biomass material, e.g., pretreated biomass material (such a liquid fraction following biomass pretreatment and separation), is hydrolyzed to break down hemicellulose (and/or residual cellulose) to fermentable sugars, such as xylose, xylulose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose, cellobiose, and/or soluble oligosaccharides thereof. The hydrolysis is performed enzymatically by an enzyme composition comprising a xylan degrading enzyme (e.g., beta-xylosidase) and one or more (several) cellulases. As described below, the composition can further comprise one or more (several) additional enzymes e.g., an enzymes having cellulolytic activity and/or hemicellulolytic or xylan degrading activity. The enzymes of the compositions can also be added sequentially.

Enzymatic hydrolysis is preferably carried out in a suitable aqueous environment under conditions that can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. In one aspect, hydrolysis is performed under conditions suitable for the activity of the enzyme(s), i.e., optimal for the enzyme(s). The hydrolysis can be carried out as a fed batch or continuous process where the pretreated cellulosic material (substrate) is fed gradually to, for example, an enzyme containing hydrolysis solution.

In one aspect, the resulting fermentable sugar concentration (e.g., the resulting xylose and/or glucose concentration) following saccharification is at least about 30 g/L, e.g., at least about 35 g/L, at least 40 g/L, at least 45 g/L, at least 50 g/L, at least 55 g/L, at least 60 g/L, at least 65 g/L, at least 70 g/L, or at least 75 g/L. In one aspect, the resulting fermentable sugar concentration (e.g., the resulting xylose and/or glucose concentration) following saccharification is at least about 1.05, e.g., at least 1.1, at least 1.15, at least 1.2, at least 1.25, at least 1.3, at least 1.35, at least 1.4, at least 1.45, or at least 1.5 times higher compared to the resulting fermentable sugar concentration (e.g., the resulting xylose and/or glucose concentration) from the method under the same conditions when the enzyme composition does not contain the one or more cellulases. In another aspect, the resulting fermentable sugar concentration (e.g., the resulting xylose and/or glucose concentration) following saccharification is at least about 1.05, e.g., at least 1.1, at least 1.15, at least 1.2, at least 1.25, at least 1.3, at least 1.35, at least 1.4, at least 1.45, or at least 1.5 times higher compared to the resulting fermentable sugar concentration (e.g., the resulting xylose and/or glucose concentration) from the method under the same conditions when the enzyme composition does not contain the one or more cellulases and when the total enzyme loading of the one or more cellulases and beta-xylosidase remains constant. In some aspect, the resulting fermentable sugar (e.g., the resulting xylose and/or glucose) is recovered following saccharification.

The saccharification is generally performed in stirred-tank reactors or fermentors under controlled pH, temperature, and mixing conditions. Suitable process time, temperature and pH conditions can readily be determined by one skilled in the art. For example, the saccharification can last up to 200 hours, e.g., about 12 to about 96 hours, about 16 to about 72 hours, or about 24 to about 48 hours. In one aspect, saccharification occurs for at least 12 hours, e.g., at least 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 60 hours, or 72 hours.

The temperature during saccharification may be in the range of about 25° C. to about 75° C., e.g., about 30° C. to about 70° C., about 35° C. to about 65° C., about 40° C. to 60° C., about 45° C. to 55° C., or about 50° C.

The pH during saccharification may be in the range of about 3.0 to 7.0, e.g., 3.5 to 6.5, 4.0 to 6.0, 4.5 to 5.5 or about 5.0.

In some aspects, the dry solids content during saccharification (e.g., total solids in the biomass material and/or the total solids remaining in the liquid fraction after separation) is less than about 25 wt %, 20 wt %, 15 wt %, 10 wt %, 7.5 wt %, 5 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 2 wt %, 1 wt %, or 0.5 wt %.

As mentioned supra, the hydrolysis is performed enzymatically by an enzyme composition comprising one or more (several) cellulases and a xylan degrading enzyme, such as beta-xylosidase. The one or more (several) cellulase are preferably selected from the group consisting of an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase.

In one aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises one or more (several) proteins selected from the group consisting of a cellulase, a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a hemicellulase, an expansin, an esterase, a laccase, a ligninolytic enzyme, a pectinase, a peroxidase, a protease, and a swollenin. In another aspect, the cellulase is preferably one or more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase. In another aspect, the hemicellulase is preferably one or more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of an acetylmannan esterase, an acetyxylan esterase, an arabinanase, an arabinofuranosidase, a coumaric acid esterase, a feruloyl esterase, a galactosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronoyl esterase, a mannanase, a mannosidase, a xylanase, and a xylosidase.

In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises one or more (several) cellulolytic enzymes. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises one or more (several) hemicellulolytic enzymes. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises one or more (several) cellulolytic enzymes and one or more (several) hemicellulolytic enzymes. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises one or more (several) enzymes selected from the group of cellulolytic enzymes and hemicellulolytic enzymes. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises a cellobiohydrolase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a beta-glucosidase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a cellobiohydrolase and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a beta-glucosidase and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase and a cellobiohydrolase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase and a beta-glucosidase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a cellobiohydrolase and a beta-glucosidase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase, a beta-glucosidase, and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a cellobiohydrolase, a beta-glucosidase, and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase, and a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.

In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an acetylmannan esterase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an acetyxylan esterase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an arabinanase (e.g., alpha-L-arabinanase). In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an arabinofuranosidase (e.g., alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase). In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a coumaric acid esterase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a feruloyl esterase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a galactosidase (e.g., alpha-galactosidase and/or beta-galactosidase). In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a glucuronidase (e.g., alpha-D-glucuronidase). In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a glucuronoyl esterase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a mannanase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a mannosidase (e.g., beta-mannosidase). In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a xylanase. In one aspect, the xylanase is a Family 10 xylanase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a xylosidase (e.g., beta-xylosidase). In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an expansin. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises an esterase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a laccase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a ligninolytic enzyme. In one aspect, the ligninolytic enzyme is a manganese peroxidase. In another aspect, the ligninolytic enzyme is a lignin peroxidase. In another aspect, the ligninolytic enzyme is a H₂O₂-producing enzyme. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a pectinase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a peroxidase. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises a protease. In another aspect, the enzyme composition comprises or further comprises a swollenin.

In the processes of the present invention, the enzyme(s) can be added prior to or during fermentation, e.g., during saccharification or during or after propagation of the fermenting microorganism(s).

One or more (several) components of the enzyme composition may be wild-type proteins, recombinant proteins, or a combination of wild-type proteins and recombinant proteins. For example, one or more (several) components may be native proteins of a cell, which is used as a host cell to express recombinantly one or more (several) other components of the enzyme composition. One or more (several) components of the enzyme composition may be produced as monocomponents, which are then combined to form the enzyme composition. The enzyme composition may be a combination of multicomponent and monocomponent protein preparations.

The enzymes used in the methods of the present invention may be in any form suitable for use in the processes described herein, such as, for example, a crude fermentation broth with or without cells removed, a cell lysate with or without cellular debris, a semi-purified or purified enzyme preparation, or a host cell as a source of the enzymes.

The enzyme composition may be a dry powder or granulate, a non-dusting granulate, a liquid, a stabilized liquid, or a stabilized protected enzyme. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another polyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established processes.

The optimum amounts of the enzymes depend on several factors including, but not limited to, the mixture of component enzymes, the biomass material substrate, the concentration of the biomass material, the pretreatment(s) of the biomass material substrate, temperature, time, pH, and inclusion of fermenting organism (e.g., yeast for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation).

In one aspect, an effective amount of the one or more (several) cellulases during saccharification is about 0.5 to about 50 mg, e.g., about 0.5 to about 40 mg, about 0.5 to about 25 mg, about 0.75 to about 20 mg, about 0.75 to about 15 mg, about 0.5 to about 10 mg, or about 2.5 to about 10 mg per g of biomass material. In another aspect, the total amount of the one or more (several) cellulases during saccharification is about 0.5 to about 50 mg, e.g., about 0.5 to about 40 mg, about 0.5 to about 25 mg, about 0.75 to about 20 mg, about 0.75 to about 15 mg, about 0.5 to about 10 mg, or about 2.5 to about 10 mg per g of hemicellulose. In another aspect the total concentration of the one or more (several) cellulases during saccharification is at least about 0.005 mg/mL, e.g., at least about 0.01 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.7 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, 0.9 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 1.1 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.3 mg/mL, 1.4 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, 1.7 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL, 1.9 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, or 5.0 mg/mL.

In one aspect, an effective amount of the xylan degrading enzyme (e.g., beta-xylosidase) during saccharification is about 0.01 to about 50.0 mg, e.g., about 0.01 to about mg, about 0.01 to about 30 mg, about 0.01 to about 20 mg, about 0.01 to about 10 mg, about 0.01 to about 5 mg, about 0.025 to about 1.5 mg, about 0.05 to about 1.25 mg, about 0.075 to about 1.25 mg, about 0.1 to about 1.25 mg, about 0.15 to about 1.25 mg, or about 0.25 to about 1.0 mg per g of cellulosic material. In another aspect, the total amount of the xylan degrading enzyme (e.g., beta-xylosidase) during saccharification is about 0.5 to about 50 mg, e.g., about 0.5 to about 40 mg, about 0.5 to about 25 mg, about 0.75 to about mg, about 0.75 to about 15 mg, about 0.5 to about 10 mg, or about 2.5 to about 10 mg per g of hemicellulose. In another aspect, the total concentration of the xylan degrading enzyme (e.g., beta-xylosidase) during saccharification is less than about 5.0 mg/mL, e.g., less than about 3.0 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL, 1.9 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL, 1.7 mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL, 1.4 mg/mL, 1.3 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.1 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 0.9 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, 0.7 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, or 0.005 mg/mL.

In one aspect, the ratio of the total concentration of cellulases to the total concentration of xylan degrading enzyme (e.g., total concentration of beta-xylosidase) during saccharifying is from 1:10 to 10:1, e.g., from 1:10, 1:7.5, 1:5, 1:2.5, 1:1.1, or 1:1, to any of 1:1, 2.5:1, 5:1, 7.5:1, or 10:1.

The enzymes can be derived or obtained from any suitable origin, including, bacterial, fungal, yeast, plant, or mammalian origin. The term “obtained” means herein that the enzyme may have been isolated from an organism that naturally produces the enzyme as a native enzyme. The term “obtained” also means herein that the enzyme may have been produced recombinantly in a host organism employing methods described herein, wherein the recombinantly produced enzyme is either native or foreign to the host organism or has a modified amino acid sequence, e.g., having one or more (several) amino acids that are deleted, inserted and/or substituted, i.e., a recombinantly produced enzyme that is a mutant and/or a fragment of a native amino acid sequence or an enzyme produced by nucleic acid shuffling processes known in the art. Encompassed within the meaning of a native enzyme are natural variants and within the meaning of a foreign enzyme are variants obtained recombinantly, such as by site-directed mutagenesis or shuffling.

A polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity may be a bacterial polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide may be a gram positive bacterial polypeptide such as a Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, or Oceanobacillus polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity, or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide such as an E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, Ilyobacter, Neisseria, or Ureaplasma polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

In one aspect, the polypeptide is a Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

In another aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus uberis, or Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

In another aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus, or Streptomyces lividans polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

The polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity may also be a fungal polypeptide, and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity; or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as an Acremonium, Agaricus, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Botryospaeria, Ceriporiopsis, Chaetomidium, Chrysosporium, Claviceps, Cochliobolus, Coprinopsis, Coptotermes, Corynascus, Cryphonectria, Cryptococcus, Diplodia, Exidia, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Holomastigotoides, Humicola, Irpex, Lentinula, Leptospaeria, Magnaporthe, Melanocarpus, Meripilus, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Piromyces, Poitrasia, Pseudoplectania, Pseudotrichonympha, Rhizomucor, Schizophyllum, Scytalidium, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Trichophaea, Verticillium, Volvariella, or Xylaria polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

In one aspect, the polypeptide is a Saccharomyces carisbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

In another aspect, the polypeptide is an Acremonium cellulolyticus, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium merdarium, Chrysosporium inops, Chrysosporium pannicola, Chrysosporium queenslandicum, Chrysosporium zonatum, Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, Fusarium venenatum, Humicola grisea, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Irpex lacteus, Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Thielavia achromatica, Thielavia albomyces, Thielavia albopilosa, Thielavia australeinsis, Thielavia fimeti, Thielavia microspora, Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededonium, Thielavia setosa, Thielavia subthermophila, Thielavia terrestris, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, or Trichophaea saccata polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity.

Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants of polypeptides having cellulolytic enzyme activity or xylan degrading activity may also be used.

One or more (several) components of the enzyme composition may be a recombinant component, i.e., produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see, for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244). The host is preferably a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host), but the host may under certain conditions also be a homologous host (enzyme is native to host). Monocomponent cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth.

Examples of commercial cellulolytic protein preparations suitable for use in the present invention include, for example, CELLIC™ CTec (Novozymes A/S), CELLIC™ Ctec2 (Novozymes A/S), CELLUCLAST™ (Novozymes A/S), NOVOZYM™ 188 (Novozymes A/S), CELLUZYME™ (Novozymes A/S), CEREFLO™ (Novozymes A/S), and ULTRAFLO™ (Novozymes A/S), ACCELERASE™ (Genencor Int.), LAMINEX™ (Genencor Int.), SPEZYME™ CP (Genencor Int.), ROHAMENT™ 7069 W (ROhm GmbH), FIBREZYME® LDI (Dyadic International, Inc.), FIBREZYME® LBR (Dyadic International, Inc.), or VISCOSTAR® 150 L (Dyadic International, Inc.). The cellulase enzymes are added in amounts effective from about 0.001 to about 5.0 wt % of solids, more preferably from about 0.025 to about 4.0 wt % of solids, and most preferably from about 0.005 to about 2.0 wt % of solids. The cellulase enzymes are added in amounts effective from about 0.001 to about 5.0 wt % of solids, more preferably from about 0.025 to about 4.0 wt % of solids, and most preferably from about 0.005 to about 2.0 wt % of solids.

Examples of bacterial endoglucanases that can be used in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, an Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (WO 91/05039; WO 93/15186; U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,944; WO 96/02551; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,655, WO 00/70031, WO 05/093050); Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase III (WO 05/093050); and Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase V (WO 05/093050).

Examples of fungal endoglucanases that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I (Penttila et al., 1986, Gene 45: 253-263; Trichoderma reesei Cel7B endoglucanase I; GENBANK™ accession no. M15665; SEQ ID NO: 2); Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II (Saloheimo, et al., 1988, Gene 63:11-22; Trichoderma reesei Cel5A endoglucanase II; GENBANK™ accession no. M19373; SEQ ID NO: 4); Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III (Okada et al., 1988, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 555-563; GENBANK™ accession no. AB003694; SEQ ID NO: 6); Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V (Saloheimo et al., 1994, Molecular Microbiology 13: 219-228; GENBANK™ accession no. Z33381; SEQ ID NO: 8); Aspergillus aculeatus endoglucanase (Ooi et al., 1990, Nucleic Acids Research 18: 5884); Aspergillus kawachii endoglucanase (Sakamoto et al., 1995, Current Genetics 27: 435-439); Erwinia carotovara endoglucanase (Saarilahti et al., 1990, Gene 90: 9-14); Fusarium oxysporum endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no. L29381); Humicola grisea var. thermoidea endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no. AB003107); Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no. MAL515703); Neurospora crassa endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no. XM_(—)324477); Humicola insolens endoglucanase V (SEQ ID NO: 10); Myceliophthora thermophila CBS117.65 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 12); basidiomycete CBS 495.95 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 14); basidiomycete CBS 494.95 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 16); Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6B endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 18); Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6C endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 20); Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 22); Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7E endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 24); Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7F endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 26); Cladorrhinum foecundissimum ATCC 62373 CEL7A endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 28); and Trichoderma reesei strain No. VTT-D-80133 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 30; GENBANK™ accession no. M15665). The endoglucanases of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, and SEQ ID NO: 30, described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 29, respectively.

Examples of cellobiohydrolases useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO: 32); Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II (SEQ ID NO: 34); Humicola insolens cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO: 36); Myceliophthora thermophila cellobiohydrolase II (SEQ ID NO: 38 and SEQ ID NO: 40); Thielavia terrestris cellobiohydrolase II (CEL6A) (SEQ ID NO: 42); Chaetomium thermophilum cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO: 44); and Chaetomium thermophilum cellobiohydrolase II (SEQ ID NO: 46), Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO: 48), and Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase II (SEQ ID NO: 50). The cellobiohydrolases of SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 48, and SEQ ID NO: 50, described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, and SEQ ID NO: 49, respectively.

Examples of beta-glucosidases useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 52); Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 54); Penicillium brasilianum IBT 20888 beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 56); Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 58); and Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 60). The beta-glucosidases of SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58, and SEQ ID NO: 60, described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 57, and SEQ ID NO: 59, respectively.

Examples of other beta-glucosidases useful in the present invention include a Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 62 or the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 64. The beta-glucosidase fusion proteins of SEQ ID NO: 62 and SEQ ID NO: 64 are encoded by SEQ ID NO: 61 and SEQ ID NO: 63, respectively.

The Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase can be obtained according to WO 2002/095014. The Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase can be obtained according to WO 2005/047499. The Penicillium brasilianum beta-glucosidase can be obtained according to WO 2007/019442. The Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase can be obtained according to Dan et al., 2000, J. Biol. Chem. 275: 4973-4980. The Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase can be obtained according to Kawaguchi et al., 1996, Gene 173: 287-288.

The beta-glucosidase may be a fusion protein. In one aspect, the beta-glucosidase is the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG fusion protein or the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein obtained according to WO 2008/057637.

Other useful endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases are disclosed in numerous Glycosyl Hydrolase families using the classification according to Henrissat B., 1991, A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Biochem. J. 280: 309-316, and Henrissat B., and Bairoch A., 1996, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases, Biochem. J. 316: 695-696.

Other cellulolytic enzymes that may be used in the present invention are described in EP 495,257, EP 531,315, EP 531,372, WO 89/09259, WO 94/07998, WO 95/24471, WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397, WO 96/034108, WO 97/14804, WO 98/08940, WO 98/012307, WO 98/13465, WO 98/015619, WO 98/015633, WO 98/028411, WO 99/06574, WO 99/10481, WO 99/025846, WO 99/025847, WO 99/031255, WO 2000/009707, WO 2002/050245, WO 2002/0076792, WO 2002/101078, WO 2003/027306, WO 2003/052054, WO 2003/052055, WO 2003/052056, WO 2003/052057, WO 2003/052118, WO 2004/016760, WO 2004/043980, WO 2004/048592, WO 2005/001065, WO 2005/028636, WO 2005/093050, WO 2005/093073, WO 2006/074005, WO 2006/117432, WO 2007/071818, WO 2007/071820, WO 2008/008070, WO 2008/008793, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,435,307, 5,457,046, 5,648,263, 5,686,593, 5,691,178, 5,763,254, and 5,776,757.

In the methods of the present invention, any GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity can be used.

In a first aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity comprises the following motifs:

[ILMV]-P-X(4,5)-G-X-Y-[ILMV]-X-R-X-[EQ]-X(4)-[HNQ](SEQ ID No's: 145 and 146) and [FW]-[TF]-K-[AIV](SEQ ID No: 147),

wherein X is any amino acid, X(4,5) is any amino acid at 4 or 5 contiguous positions, and X(4) is any amino acid at 4 contiguous positions.

The polypeptide comprising the above-noted motifs may further comprise:

H-X(1,2)G-P-X(3)-[YW]-[AILMV](SEQ ID No's: 148 and 149),

[EQ]-X-Y-X(2)-C-X-[EHQN]-[FILV]-X-[ILV](SEQ ID No: 150), or

H-X(1,2)-G-P-X(3)-[YW]-[AILMV](SEQ ID NO's: 148 and 149) and [EQ]-X-Y-X(2)-C-X-[EHQN]-[FILV]-X-[ILV](SEQ ID NO: 150) ,

wherein X is any amino acid, X(1,2) is any amino acid at 1 position or 2 contiguous positions, X(3) is any amino acid at 3 contiguous positions, and X(2) is any amino acid at 2 contiguous positions. In the above motifs, the accepted IUPAC single letter amino acid abbreviation is employed.

In one aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity further comprises H-X(1,2)-G-P-X(3)-[YW]-[AILMV](SEQ ID NO's: 148 and 149) . In another aspect, the isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity further comprises [EQ]-X-Y-X(2)-C-X-[EHQN]-[FILV]-X-[ILV](SEQ ID NO: 150) . In another aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity further comprises H-X(1,2)-G-P-X(3)-[YW]-[AILMV](SEQ ID NO's: 148 and 149) [EQ]-X-Y-X(2)-C-X-[EHQN]-[FILV]-X-[ILV](SEQ ID NO: 150).

In a second aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity comprises the following motif:

[ILMV]-P-x(4,5)-G-x-Y-[ILMV]-x-R-x-[EQ]-x(3)-A-[HNQ](SEQ ID NO: 145 and 146) ,

wherein x is any amino acid, x(4,5) is any amino acid at 4 or 5 contiguous positions, and x(3) is any amino acid at 3 contiguous positions. In the above motif, the accepted IUPAC single letter amino acid abbreviation is employed.

In a third aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity comprises an amino acid sequence that has a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 76, SEQ ID NO: 78, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 82, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 112, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 126, or SEQ ID NO: 128 of at least 60%, e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, or at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 100%.

In a fourth aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least very low stringency conditions, e.g., at least low stringency conditions, at least medium stringency conditions, at least medium-high stringency conditions, at least high stringency conditions, or at least very high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 81, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 85, SEQ ID NO: 87, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 127, (ii) the cDNA sequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 75, or SEQ ID NO: 79, or the genomic DNA sequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 81, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 85, SEQ ID NO: 87, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 127, (iii) a subsequence of (i) or (ii), or (iv) a full-length complementary strand of (i), (ii), or (iii) (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatus, 1989, supra). A subsequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 81, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 85, SEQ ID NO: 87, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 127 contains at least 100 contiguous nucleotides or preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides. Moreover, the subsequence may encode a polypeptide fragment that has cellulolytic enhancing activity.

In a fifth aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence that has a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 81, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 85, SEQ ID NO: 87, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 127 of at least 60%, e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 100%.

In a sixth aspect, the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity is an artificial variant comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more (or several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 76, SEQ ID NO: 78, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 82, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 112, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 126, or SEQ ID NO: 128; or a homologous sequence thereof.

Preferably, amino acid changes are of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of one to about 30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to about 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain.

Examples of conservative substitutions are within the group of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine). Amino acid substitutions that do not generally alter specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example, by H. Neurath and R. L. Hill, 1979, In, The Proteins, Academic Press, New York. The most commonly occurring exchanges are Ala/Ser, Val/Ile, Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr, Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Ser/Gly, Tyr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Asp/Asn, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val, Ala/Glu, and Asp/Gly.

Alternatively, the amino acid changes are of such a nature that the physico-chemical properties of the polypeptides are altered. For example, amino acid changes may improve the thermal stability of the polypeptide, alter the substrate specificity, change the pH optimum, and the like.

Essential amino acids in a parent polypeptide can be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham and Wells, 1989, Science 244: 1081-1085). In the latter technique, single alanine mutations are introduced at every residue in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for cellulolytic enhancing activity to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule. See also, Hilton et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4699-4708. The active site of the enzyme or other biological interaction can also be determined by physical analysis of structure, as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography, electron diffraction, or photoaffinity labeling, in conjunction with mutation of putative contact site amino acids. See, for example, de Vos et al., 1992, Science 255: 306-312; Smith et al., 1992, J. Mol. Biol. 224: 899-904; Wiodaver et al., 1992, FEBS Lett. 309: 59-64. The identities of essential amino acids can also be inferred from analysis of identities with polypeptides that are related to the parent polypeptide.

Single or multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions can be made and tested using known methods of mutagenesis, recombination, and/or shuffling, followed by a relevant screening procedure, such as those disclosed by Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer, 1988, Science 241: 53-57; Bowie and Sauer, 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2152-2156; WO 95/17413; or WO 95/22625. Other methods that can be used include error-prone PCR, phage display (e.g., Lowman et al., 1991, Biochemistry 30: 10832-10837; U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; WO 92/06204), and region-directed mutagenesis (Derbyshire et al., 1986, Gene 46: 145; Ner et al., 1988, DNA 7: 127).

Mutagenesis/shuffling methods can be combined with high-throughput, automated screening methods to detect activity of cloned, mutagenized polypeptides expressed by host cells (Ness et al., 1999, Nature Biotechnology 17: 893-896). Mutagenized DNA molecules that encode active polypeptides can be recovered from the host cells and rapidly sequenced using standard methods in the art. These methods allow the rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acid residues in a polypeptide.

The total number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 76, SEQ ID NO: 78, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 82, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 112, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 126, or SEQ ID NO: 128 is not more than 4, e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one aspect, the one or more (several) hemicellulolytic enzymes comprise a commercial hemicellulolytic enzyme preparation. Examples of commercial hemicellulolytic enzyme preparations suitable for use in the present invention include, for example, SHEARZYME™ (Novozymes A/S), CELLIC™ HTec (Novozymes A/S), CELLIC™ HTec2 (Novozymes A/S), VISCOZYME® (Novozymes A/S), ULTRAFLO® (Novozymes A/S), PULPZYME® HC (Novozymes A/S), MULTIFECT® Xylanase (Genencor), ECOPULP® TX-200A (AB Enzymes), HSP 6000 Xylanase (DSM), DEPOL™ 333P (Biocatalysts Limit, Wales, UK), DEPOL™ 740L. (Biocatalysts Limit, Wales, UK), and DEPOL™ 762P (Biocatalysts Limit, Wales, UK).

Examples of xylanases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase (GeneSeqP:AAR63790; WO 94/21785), Aspergillus fumigatus xylanases (WO 2006/078256; xyl 3 SEQ ID NO: 129 [DNA sequence] and SEQ ID NO: 130 [deduced amino acid sequence]), and Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 xylanases (WO 2009/079210).

Examples of beta-xylosidases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase (UniProtKB/TrEMBL accession number Q92458; SEQ ID NO: 131 [DNA sequence] and SEQ ID NO: 132 [deduced amino acid sequence]; see also Example 1 herein), Talaromyces emersonii (SwissProt accession number Q8×212), Neurospora crassa (SwissProt accession number Q7SOW4), and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase (Uniprot accession number Q0H905; SEQ ID NO: 133 [DNA sequence] and SEQ ID NO: 134 [deduced amino acid sequence]; see also Example 2 herein).

Examples of acetylxylan esterases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Hypocrea jecorina acetylxylan esterase (WO 2005/001036), Neurospora crassa acetylxylan esterase (UniProt accession number q7s259), Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 acetylxylan esterase (WO 2009/042846), Chaetomium globosum acetylxylan esterase (Uniprot accession number Q2GWX4), Chaetomium gracile acetylxylan esterase (GeneSeqP accession number AAB82124), Phaeosphaeria nodorum acetylxylan esterase (Uniprot accession number Q0UHJ1), and Humicola insolens DSM 1800 acetylxylan esterase (WO 2009/073709).

Examples of ferulic acid esterases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Humicola insolens DSM 1800 feruloyl esterase (WO 2009/076122), Neurospora crassa feruloyl esterase (UniProt accession number Q9HGR3), and Neosartorya fischen feruloyl esterase (UniProt Accession number A1D9T4).

Examples of arabinofuranosidases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Humicola insolens DSM 1800 arabinofuranosidase (WO 2009/073383) and Aspergillus niger arabinofuranosidase (GeneSeqP accession number AAR94170).

Examples of alpha-glucuronidases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus clavatus alpha-glucuronidase (UniProt accession number alcc12), Trichoderma reesei alpha-glucuronidase (Uniprot accession number Q99024), Talaromyces emersonii alpha-glucuronidase (UniProt accession number Q8X211), Aspergillus niger alpha-glucuronidase (Uniprot accession number Q96WX9), Aspergillus terreus alpha-glucuronidase (SwissProt accession number Q0CJP9), and Aspergillus fumigatus alpha-glucuronidase (SwissProt accession number Q4WW45).

The enzymes and proteins used in the methods of the present invention may be produced by fermentation of the above-noted microbial strains on a nutrient medium containing suitable carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art (see, e.g., Bennett, J. W. and LaSure, L. (eds.), More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, Academic Press, CA, 1991). Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). Temperature ranges and other conditions suitable for growth and enzyme production are known in the art (see, e.g., Bailey, J. E., and Ollis, D. F., Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY, 1986).

The fermentation can be any method of cultivation of a cell resulting in the expression or isolation of an enzyme. Fermentation may, therefore, be understood as comprising shake flask cultivation, or small- or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the enzyme to be expressed or isolated. The resulting enzymes produced by the methods described above may be recovered from the fermentation medium and purified by conventional procedures.

Fermentation.

The fermentable sugars obtained from the hydrolyzed biomass material can be fermented by one or more (several) fermenting microorganisms capable of fermenting the sugars (e.g., xylose) directly or indirectly into a desired fermentation product (e.g., ethanol). “Fermentation” or “fermentation process” refers to any fermentation process or any process comprising a fermentation step. Fermentation processes also include fermentation processes used in the consumable alcohol industry (e.g., beer and wine), dairy industry (e.g., fermented dairy products), leather industry, and tobacco industry. The fermentation conditions depend on the desired fermentation product and fermenting organism and can easily be determined by one skilled in the art.

In the fermentation step, sugars, released from biomass material as a result of the pretreatment and/or enzymatic hydrolysis steps, are fermented to a product, e.g., ethanol, by a fermenting organism, such as yeast. Hydrolysis (saccharification) and fermentation can be separate or simultaneous, as described herein.

Any suitable hydrolyzed biomass material can be used in the fermentation step in practicing the present invention. The material is generally selected based on the desired fermentation product, i.e., the substance to be obtained from the fermentation, and the process employed, as is well known in the art.

The term “fermentation medium” is understood herein to refer to a medium before the fermenting microorganism(s) is(are) added, such as, a medium resulting from a saccharification process, as well as a medium used in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF).

“Fermenting microorganism” refers to any microorganism, including bacterial and fungal organisms, suitable for use in a desired fermentation process to produce a fermentation product. The fermenting organism can be C₆ and/or C₅ fermenting organisms, or a combination thereof. Both C₆ and C₅ fermenting organisms are well known in the art. Suitable fermenting microorganisms are able to ferment, i.e., convert sugars, such as glucose, xylose, xylulose, arabinose, maltose, mannose, galactose, or oligosaccharides, directly or indirectly into the desired fermentation product. In one aspect, fermenting the biomass material (e.g., pretreated and/or saccharified biomass material) is conducted using C₅ fermenting organisms. Fermenting the biomass material may be conducted with any one or any combination of two or more (several) of the fermenting microorganisms described herein.

Examples of bacterial and fungal fermenting organisms producing ethanol are described by Lin et al., 2006, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69: 627-642.

Examples of fermenting microorganisms that can ferment C₆ sugars include bacterial and fungal organisms, such as yeast. Preferred yeast includes strains of the Saccharomyces spp., preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Examples of fermenting organisms that can ferment C₅ sugars include bacterial and fungal organisms, such as yeast. Preferred C₅ fermenting yeast include strains of Pichia, preferably Pichia stipitis, such as Pichia stipitis CBS 5773; strains of Candida, preferably Candida boidinii, Candida brassicae, Candida sheatae, Candida diddensii, Candida pseudotropicalis, or Candida utilis.

Other fermenting organisms include strains of Zymomonas, such as Zymomonas mobilis; Hansenula, such as Hansenula anomala; Kluyveromyces, such as K. fragilis; Schizosaccharomyces, such as S. pombe; and E. coli, especially E. coli strains that have been genetically modified to improve the yield of ethanol.

In one aspect, the yeast is a Saccharomyces spp. In another aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces distaticus. In another aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces uvarum. In another aspect, the yeast is a Kluyveromyces. In another aspect, the yeast is Kluyveromyces marxianus. In another aspect, the yeast is Kluyveromyces fragilis. In another aspect, the yeast is a Candida. In another aspect, the yeast is Candida boidinii. In another aspect, the yeast is Candida brassicae. In another aspect, the yeast is Candida diddensii. In another aspect, the yeast is Candida pseudotropicalis. In another aspect, the yeast is Candida utilis. In another aspect, the yeast is a Clavispora. In another aspect, the yeast is Clavispora lusitaniae. In another aspect, the yeast is Clavispora opuntiae. In another aspect, the yeast is a Pachysolen. In another aspect, the yeast is Pachysolen tannophilus. In another aspect, the yeast is a Pichia. In another aspect, the yeast is a Pichia stipitis. In another aspect, the yeast is a Bretannomyces. In another aspect, the yeast is Bretannomyces clausenii (Philippidis, G. P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212).

Bacteria that can efficiently ferment hexose and pentose to ethanol include, for example, Zymomonas mobilis and Clostridium thermocellum (Philippidis, 1996, supra).

In one aspect, the bacterium is a Zymomonas. In another aspect, the bacterium is Zymomonas mobilis. In another aspect, the bacterium is a Clostridium. In another aspect, the bacterium is Clostridium thermocellum.

Commercially available yeast suitable for ethanol production includes, e.g., ETHANOL RED™ yeast (available from Fermentis/Lesaffre, USA), FALI™ (available from Fleischmann's Yeast, USA), SUPERSTART™ and THERMOSACC™ fresh yeast (available from Ethanol Technology, WI, USA), BIOFERM™ AFT and XR (available from NABC—North American Bioproducts Corporation, GA, USA), GERT STRAND™ (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden), and FERMIOL™ (available from DSM Specialties).

In one aspect, the fermenting microorganism has been genetically modified to provide the ability to ferment pentose sugars, such as xylose utilizing, arabinose utilizing, and xylose and arabinose co-utilizing microorganisms.

The cloning of heterologous genes into various fermenting microorganisms has led to the construction of organisms capable of converting hexoses and pentoses to ethanol (cofermentation) (Chen and Ho, 1993, Cloning and improving the expression of Pichia stipitis xylose reductase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 39-40: 135-147; Ho et al., 1998, Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast capable of effectively cofermenting glucose and xylose, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1852-1859; Kotter and Ciriacy, 1993, Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 776-783; Walfridsson et al., 1995, Xylose-metabolizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing the TKL1 and TAL1 genes encoding the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes transketolase and transaldolase, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 4184-4190; Kuyper et al., 2004, Minimal metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation: a proof of principle, FEMS Yeast Research 4: 655-664; Beall et al., 1991, Parametric studies of ethanol production from xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coli, Biotech. Bioeng. 38: 296-303; Ingram et al., 1998, Metabolic engineering of bacteria for ethanol production, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58: 204-214; Zhang et al., 1995, Metabolic engineering of a pentose metabolism pathway in ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis, Science 267: 240-243; Deanda et al., 1996, Development of an arabinose-fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain by metabolic pathway engineering, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 4465-4470; WO 2003/062430, xylose isomerase).

In one aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Zymomonas mobilis. In another aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Escherichia coli. In another aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Klebsiella oxytoca. In another aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Kluyveromyces sp.

It is well known in the art that the organisms described above can also be used to produce other substances, as described herein.

The fermenting microorganism is typically added to the degraded lignocellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 8 to about 96 hours, such as about 24 to about 60 hours. The temperature is typically between about 26° C. to about 60° C., in particular about 32° C. or 50° C., and at about pH 3 to about pH 8, such as around pH 4-5, 6, or 7.

In one aspect, the yeast and/or another microorganism is applied to the degraded biomass material and the fermentation is performed for about 12 hours to about 96 hours, such as 24-60 hours. In one aspect, the temperature is between about 20° C. to about 60° C., e.g., about 25° C. to about 50° C., or about 32° C. to about 50° C., and the pH is generally from about pH 3 to about pH 7, e.g., around pH 4-7, such as about pH 5. However, some fermenting organisms, e.g., bacteria, have higher fermentation temperature optima. Yeast or another microorganism is preferably applied in amounts of approximately 10⁵ to 10¹², e.g., from approximately 10⁷ to 10¹⁰, especially approximately 2×10⁸ viable cell count per mL of fermentation broth. Further guidance in respect of using yeast for fermentation can be found in, e.g., “The Alcohol Textbook” (Editors K. Jacques, T. P. Lyons and D. R. Kelsall, Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom 1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

For ethanol production, following the fermentation the fermented slurry is distilled to extract the ethanol. The ethanol obtained according to the methods of the invention can be used as, e.g., fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, i.e., potable neutral spirits, or industrial ethanol.

A fermentation stimulator can be used in combination with any of the processes described herein to further improve the fermentation process, and in particular, the performance of the fermenting microorganism, such as, rate enhancement and ethanol yield. A “fermentation stimulator” refers to stimulators for growth of the fermenting microorganisms, in particular, yeast. Preferred fermentation stimulators for growth include vitamins and minerals. Examples of vitamins include multivitamins, biotin, pantothenate, nicotinic acid, meso-inositol, thiamine, pyridoxine, para-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamins A, B, C, D, and E. See, for example, Alfenore et al., Improving ethanol production and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a vitamin feeding strategy during fed-batch process, Springer-Verlag (2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of minerals include minerals and mineral salts that can supply nutrients comprising P, K, Mg, S, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu.

Fermentation Products:

The fermentation product can be any substance derived from the fermentation. The fermentation product can be, without limitation, an alcohol (e.g., arabinitol, butanol, ethanol, glycerol, methanol, 1,3-propanediol, sorbitol, and xylitol); an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid, acetonic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glucaric acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutaric acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, oxaloacetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, and xylonic acid); a ketone (e.g., acetone); an amino acid (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, serine, and threonine); an alkane (e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, and dodecane), a cycloalkane (e.g., cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, and cyclooctane), an alkene (e.g. pentene, hexene, heptene, and octene); and a gas (e.g., methane, hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO)). The fermentation product can also be protein as a high value product.

In one aspect, the fermentation product is an alcohol. It will be understood that the term “alcohol” encompasses a substance that contains one or more hydroxyl moieties. In one aspect, the alcohol is arabinitol. In another aspect, the alcohol is butanol. In another aspect, the alcohol is ethanol. In another aspect, the alcohol is glycerol. In another aspect, the alcohol is methanol. In another aspect, the alcohol is 1,3-propanediol. In another aspect, the alcohol is sorbitol. In another aspect, the alcohol is xylitol. See, for example, Gong, C. S., Cao, N. J., Du, J., and Tsao, G. T., 1999, Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, T., ed., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65: 207-241; Silveira, M. M., and Jonas, R., 2002, The biotechnological production of sorbitol, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59: 400-408; Nigam, P., and Singh, D., 1995, Processes for fermentative production of xylitol—a sugar substitute, Process Biochemistry 30 (2): 117-124; Ezeji, T. C., Qureshi, N. and Blaschek, H. P., 2003, Production of acetone, butanol and ethanol by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 and in situ recovery by gas stripping, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19 (6): 595-603.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is an organic acid. In one aspect, the organic acid is acetic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is acetonic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is adipic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is ascorbic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is citric acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is formic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is fumaric acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is glucaric acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is gluconic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is glucuronic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is glutaric acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is 3-hydroxypropionic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is itaconic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is lactic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is malic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is malonic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is oxalic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is propionic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is succinic acid. In another aspect, the organic acid is xylonic acid. See, for example, Chen, R., and Lee, Y. Y., 1997, Membrane-mediated extractive fermentation for lactic acid production from cellulosic biomass, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65: 435-448.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is a ketone. It will be understood that the term “ketone” encompasses a substance that contains one or more ketone moieties. In another aspect, the ketone is acetone. See, for example, Qureshi and Blaschek, 2003, supra.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is an amino acid. In one aspect, the amino acid is aspartic acid. In another aspect, the amino acid is glutamic acid. In another aspect, the amino acid is glycine. In another aspect, the amino acid is lysine. In another aspect, the amino acid is serine. In another aspect, the amino acid is threonine. See, for example, Richard, A., and Margaritis, A., 2004, Empirical modeling of batch fermentation kinetics for poly(glutamic acid) production and other microbial biopolymers, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 87 (4): 501-515.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is an alkane. The alkane can be an unbranched or a branched alkane. In one aspect, the alkane is pentane. In another aspect, the alkane is hexane. In another aspect, the alkane is heptane. In another aspect, the alkane is octane. In another aspect, the alkane is nonane. In another aspect, the alkane is decane. In another aspect, the alkane is undecane. In another aspect, the alkane is dodecane.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is a cycloalkane. In one aspect, the cycloalkane is cyclopentane. In another aspect, the cycloalkane is cyclohexane. In another aspect, the cycloalkane is cycloheptane. In another aspect, the cycloalkane is cyclooctane.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is an alkene. The alkene can be an unbranched or a branched alkene. In one aspect, the alkene is pentene. In another aspect, the alkene is hexene. In another aspect, the alkene is heptene. In another aspect, the alkene is octene.

In another aspect, the fermentation product is a gas. In one aspect, the gas is methane. In another aspect, the gas is H₂. In another aspect, the gas is CO₂. In another aspect, the gas is CO. See, for example, Kataoka, N., A. Miya, and K. Kiriyama, 1997, Studies on hydrogen production by continuous culture system of hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacteria, Water Science and Technology 36 (6-7): 41-47; and Gunaseelan V. N. in Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 13 (1-2), pp. 83-114, 1997, Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: A review.

Recovery.

The fermentation product(s) can be optionally recovered from the fermentation medium using any method known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography, electrophoretic procedures, differential solubility, distillation, or extraction. For example, alcohol is separated from the fermented sugar cane trash and purified by conventional methods of distillation. Ethanol with a purity of up to about 96 vol. % can be obtained, which can be used as, for example, fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, i.e., potable neutral spirits, or industrial ethanol.

Nucleic Acid Constructs

An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide, e.g., a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a cellulolytic enzyme, a hemicellulolytic enzyme, etc., may be manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide by constructing a nucleic acid construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide operably linked to one or more (several) control sequences that direct the expression of the coding sequence in a suitable host cell under conditions compatible with the control sequences. Manipulation of the polynucleotide's sequence prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. The techniques for modifying polynucleotide sequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art.

The control sequence may be a promoter sequence, a polynucleotide that is recognized by a host cell for expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences that mediate the expression of the polypeptide. The promoter may be any polynucleotide that shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs in the present invention in a bacterial host cell are the promoters obtained from the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ), Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus subtilis xylA and xylB genes, E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3727-3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 21-25). Further promoters are described in “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in Gilbert et al., 1980, Scientific American, 242: 74-94; and in Sambrook et al., 1989, supra.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs in the present invention in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease (WO 96/00787), Fusarium venenatum amyloglucosidase (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Daria (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Quinn (WO 00/56900), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Trichoderma reesei beta-glucosidase, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase IV, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei xylanase I, Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase, as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (a modified promoter from a gene encoding a neutral alpha-amylase in Aspergilli in which the untranslated leader has been replaced by an untranslated leader from a gene encoding triose phosphate isomerase in Aspergilli; non-limiting examples include modified promoters from the gene encoding neutral alpha-amylase in Aspergillus niger in which the untranslated leader has been replaced by an untranslated leader from the gene encoding triose phosphate isomerase in Aspergillus nidulans or Aspergillus oryzae); and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof.

In a yeast host, useful promoters are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase (GAL1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH1, ADH2/GAP), Saccharomyces cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein (CUP1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, Yeast 8: 423-488.

The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, which is recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′-terminus of the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.

Preferred terminators for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase, Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease.

Preferred terminators for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome C (CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra.

The control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, when transcribed is a nontranslated region of an mRNA that is important for translation by the host cell. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′-terminus of the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used.

Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulans triose phosphate isomerase.

Suitable leaders for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP).

The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence operably linked to the 3′-terminus of the polynucleotide and, when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used.

Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase.

Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are described by Guo and Sherman, 1995, Mol. Cellular. Biol. 15: 5983-5990.

The control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding region that encodes a signal peptide linked to the N-terminus of a polypeptide and directs the polypeptide into the cell's secretory pathway. The 5′-end of the coding sequence of the polynucleotide may inherently contain a signal peptide coding sequence naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding sequence that encodes the polypeptide. Alternatively, the 5′-end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding sequence that is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signal peptide coding sequence may be required where the coding sequence does not naturally contain a signal peptide coding sequence. Alternatively, the foreign signal peptide coding sequence may simply replace the natural signal peptide coding sequence in order to enhance secretion of the polypeptide. However, any signal peptide coding sequence that directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice may be used.

Effective signal peptide coding sequences for bacterial host cells are the signal peptide coding sequences obtained from the genes for Bacillus NCIB 11837 maltogenic amylase, Bacillus licheniformis subtilisin, Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase, Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, Bacillus stearothermophilus neutral proteases (nprT, nprS, nprM), and Bacillus subtilis prsA. Further signal peptides are described by Simonen and Palva, 1993, Microbiological Reviews 57: 109-137.

Effective signal peptide coding sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are the signal peptide coding sequences obtained from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Humicola insolens cellulase, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V, Humicola lanuginosa lipase, and Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase.

Useful signal peptides for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase. Other useful signal peptide coding sequences are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra.

The control sequence may also be a propeptide coding sequence that encodes a propeptide positioned at the N-terminus of a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). A propolypeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to an active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide. The propeptide coding sequence may be obtained from the genes for Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE), Bacillus subtilis neutral protease (nprT), Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (WO 95/33836), Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor.

Where both signal peptide and propeptide sequences are present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide sequence is positioned next to the N-terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide sequence is positioned next to the N-terminus of the propeptide sequence.

It may also be desirable to add regulatory sequences that allow the regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory systems are those that cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Regulatory systems in prokaryotic systems include the lac, tac, and trp operator systems. In yeast, the ADH2 system or GAL1 system may be used. In filamentous fungi, the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, Aspergillus oryzae TAKA alpha-amylase promoter, and Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter may be used. Other examples of regulatory sequences are those that allow for gene amplification. In eukaryotic systems, these regulatory sequences include the dihydrofolate reductase gene that is amplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes that are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide would be operably linked with the regulatory sequence.

Expression Vectors

The various nucleotide and control sequences described above may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector that may include one or more (several) convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide, e.g., a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a cellulolytic enzyme, a hemicellulolytic enzyme, etc., at such sites. Alternatively, the polynucleotide may be expressed by inserting the polynucleotide or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression.

The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid or virus) that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about expression of the polynucleotide. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vector may be a linear or closed circular plasmid.

The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector that exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one that, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon, may be used.

The vector preferably contains one or more (several) selectable markers that permit easy selection of transformed, transfected, transduced, or the like cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like.

Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers that confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, or tetracycline resistance. Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include, but are not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents thereof. Preferred for use in an Aspergillus cell are the amdS and pyrG genes of Aspergillus nidulans or Aspergillus oryzae and the bar gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

The vector preferably contains an element(s) that permits integration of the vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome.

For integration into the host cell genome, the vector may rely on the polynucleotide's sequence encoding the polypeptide or any other element of the vector for integration into the genome by homologous or non-homologous recombination. Alternatively, the vector may contain additional polynucleotides for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s). To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids, such as 100 to 10,000 base pairs, 400 to 10,000 base pairs, and 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which have a high degree of sequence identity to the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell. Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding polynucleotides. On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into the genome of the host cell by non-homologous recombination.

For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question. The origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication that functions in a cell. The term “origin of replication” or “plasmid replicator” means a polynucleotide that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo.

Examples of bacterial origins of replication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322, pUC19, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in E. coli, and pUB110, pE194, pTA1060, and pAMβ1 permitting replication in Bacillus.

Examples of origins of replication for use in a yeast host cell are the 2 micron origin of replication, ARS1, ARS4, the combination of ARS1 and CEN3, and the combination of ARS4 and CEN6.

Examples of origins of replication useful in a filamentous fungal cell are AMA1 and ANS1 (Gems et al., 1991, Gene 98: 61-67; Cullen et al., 1987, Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 9163-9175; WO 00/24883). Isolation of the AMA1 gene and construction of plasmids or vectors comprising the gene can be accomplished according to the methods disclosed in WO 00/24883.

More than one copy of a polynucleotide may be inserted into a host cell to increase production of a polypeptide. An increase in the copy number of the polynucleotide can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the sequence into the host cell genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with the polynucleotide where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the polynucleotide, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent.

The procedures used to ligate the elements described above to construct the recombinant expression vectors are well known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra).

Host Cells

Recombinant host cells comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide, e.g., a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a cellulolytic enzyme, a hemicellulolytic enzyme, etc., can be advantageously used in the recombinant production of the polypeptide. A construct or vector comprising such a polynucleotide is introduced into a host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the polypeptide and its source.

The host cell may be any cell useful in the recombinant production of a polypeptide, e.g., a prokaryote or a eukaryote.

The prokaryotic host cell may be any gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium. Gram-positive bacteria include, but not limited to, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Geobacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Oceanobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces. Gram-negative bacteria include, but not limited to, Campylobacter, E. coli, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, Helicobacter, Ilyobacter, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Ureaplasma.

The bacterial host cell may be any Bacillus cell including, but not limited to, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis cells.

The bacterial host cell may also be any Streptococcus cell including, but not limited to, Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus cells.

The bacterial host cell may also be any Streptomyces cell including, but not limited to, Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus, and Streptomyces lividans cells.

The introduction of DNA into a Bacillus cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Chang and Cohen, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 168: 111-115), by using competent cells (see, e.g., Young and Spizizen, 1961, J. Bacteriol. 81: 823-829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971, J. Mol. Biol. 56: 209-221), by electroporation (see, e.g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988, Biotechniques 6: 742-751), or by conjugation (see, e.g., Koehler and Thome, 1987, J. Bacteriol. 169: 5271-5278). The introduction of DNA into an E. coli cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Hanahan, 1983, J. Mol. Biol. 166: 557-580) or electroporation (see, e.g., Dower et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 6127-6145). The introduction of DNA into a Streptomyces cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation and electroporation (see, e.g., Gong et al., 2004, Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 49: 399-405), by conjugation (see, e.g., Mazodier et al., 1989, J. Bacteriol. 171: 3583-3585), or by transduction (see, e.g., Burke et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 6289-6294). The introduction of DNA into a Pseudomonas cell may, for instance, be effected by electroporation (see, e.g., Choi et al., 2006, J. Microbiol. Methods 64: 391-397) or by conjugation (see, e.g., Pinedo and Smets, 2005, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 51-57). The introduction of DNA into a Streptococcus cell may, for instance, be effected by natural competence (see, e.g., Perry and Kuramitsu, 1981, Infect. Immun. 32: 1295-1297), by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Catt and Jollick, 1991, Microbios 68: 189-207), by electroporation (see, e.g., Buckley et al., 1999, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 3800-3804) or by conjugation (see, e.g., Clewell, 1981, Microbiol. Rev. 45: 409-436). However, any method known in the art for introducing DNA into a host cell can be used.

The host cell may also be a eukaryote, such as a mammalian, insect, plant, or fungal cell.

The host cell may be a fungal cell. “Fungi” as used herein includes the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra, page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra).

The fungal host cell may be a yeast cell. “Yeast” as used herein includes ascosporogenous yeast (Endomycetales), basidiosporogenous yeast, and yeast belonging to the Fungi Imperfecti (Blastomycetes). Since the classification of yeast may change in the future, for the purposes of this invention, yeast shall be defined as described in Biology and Activities of Yeast (Skinner, F. A., Passmore, S. M., and Davenport, R. R., eds, Soc. App. Bacteriol. Symposium Series No. 9, 1980).

The yeast host cell may be a Candida, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia cell such as a Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces carisbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, Saccharomyces oviformis, or Yarrowia lipolytica cell.

The fungal host cell may be a filamentous fungal cell. “Filamentous fungi” include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra). The filamentous fungi are generally characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chitin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic. In contrast, vegetative growth by yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is by budding of a unicellular thallus and carbon catabolism may be fermentative.

The filamentous fungal host cell may be an Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Bjerkandera, Ceriporiopsis, Chrysosporium, Coprinus, Coriolus, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phlebia, Piromyces, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trametes, or Trichoderma cell.

For example, the filamentous fungal host cell may be an Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bjerkandera adusta, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis caregiea, Ceriporiopsis gilvescens, Ceriporiopsis pannocinta, Ceriporiopsis nrvulosa, Ceriporiopsis subrufa, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Chrysosporium inops, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Chrysosporium merdarium, Chrysosporium pannicola, Chrysosporium queenslandicum, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium zonatum, Coprinus cinereus, Coriolus hirsutus, Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, Fusarium venenatum, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium purpurogenum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus eryngii, Thielavia terrestris, Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, or Trichoderma viride cell.

Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se. Suitable procedures for transformation of Aspergillus and Trichoderma host cells are described in EP 238023, Yelton et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 1470-1474, and Christensen et al., 1988, Bio/Technology 6: 1419-1422. Suitable methods for transforming Fusarium species are described by Malardier et al., 1989, Gene 78: 147-156, and WO 96/00787. Yeast may be transformed using the procedures described by Becker and Guarente, In Abelson, J. N. and Simon, M. I., editors, Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, pp 182-187, Academic Press, Inc., New York; Ito et al., 1983, J. Bacteriol. 153: 163; and Hinnen et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 1920.

Methods of Production

Methods for producing a polypeptide, e.g., a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a cellulolytic enzyme, a hemicellulolytic enzyme, etc., comprise (a) cultivating a cell, which in its wild-type form is capable of producing the polypeptide, under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide. In one aspect, the cell is of the genus Aspergillus. In another aspect, the cell is Aspergillus fumigatus.

Alternatively, methods for producing a polypeptide, e.g., a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a cellulolytic enzyme, a hemicellulolytic enzyme, etc., comprise (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide.

In the production methods, the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide using methods well known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, and small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). If the polypeptide is secreted into the nutrient medium, the polypeptide can be recovered directly from the medium. If the polypeptide is not secreted, it can be recovered from cell lysates.

The polypeptide may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptides. These detection methods may include use of specific antibodies, formation of an enzyme product, or disappearance of an enzyme substrate. For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of the polypeptide. The polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity are detected using the methods described herein.

The resulting broth may be used as is or the polypeptide may be recovered using methods known in the art. For example, the polypeptide may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation.

The polypeptides may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE, or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.- C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989) to obtain substantially pure polypeptides.

In an alternative aspect, the polypeptide is not recovered, but rather a host cell expressing a polypeptide is used as a source of the polypeptide.

The present invention is further described by the following examples that should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 GH3 Beta-Xylosidase

A Trichoderma reesei RutC30 beta-xylosidase gene (SEQ ID NO: 131 [DNA sequence] and SEQ ID NO: 132 [deduced amino acid sequence]) was isolated by screening a Lambda ZAP®-CMR XR Library prepared from T. reesei RutC30 genomic DNA using a Lambda ZAP®-CMR XR Library Construction Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. T. reesei RutC30 genomic DNA was prepared using standard methods. A DNA segment encoding 2300 bp of the T. reesei beta-xylosidase was amplified using the PCR primers shown below.

Forward Primer: 5′-GTGAATAACGCAGCTCTTCTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 135) Reverse Primer: 5′-CCTTAATTAATTATGCGTCAGGTGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 136) The forward primer was designed to amplify from the first base after the beta-xylosidase start site and reverse primer was designed with a Pac I site at the 5′ end.

Fifty picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction consisting of 50 ng of plasmid DNA from the lamda zap library, 1 μL of 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 5 μL of 100× PLATINUM® Pfx DNA Polymerase Buffer, and 1 unit of PLATINUM® Pfx DNA Polymerase, in a final volume of 50 μL. An EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 was used to amplify the DNA fragment programmed for one cycle at 95° C. for 3 minutes; and 30 cycles each at 94° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 60 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 30 seconds. After the 30 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 72° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled to 4° C. until further processing.

A 2.3 kb PCR product was purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer, excised from the gel, and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. The 2.3 kb PCR product was then digested with Pac I to facilitate insertion into pAILo1 (WO 2004/099228).

The pAILo1 vector was digested with Nco I and then filled in using T4 polymerase (Roche, Nutley, N.J., USA) according to manufacturer's instructions. A second enzyme, Pac I, was then used to digest the 5′ end of pAILo1 and the reaction was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis as described above to isolate a 6.9 kb vector fragment.

The 2.3 kb beta-xylosidase fragment was then ligated into the 6.9 kb vector fragment and transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue Subcloning Competent Cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) according to manufacturer's instructions. Transformants were screened using restriction digest analysis in order to identify those with the correct insert. A new expression vector, pSaMe04, was confirmed by sequencing using an ABI3700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) and dye terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992, Journal of Virology Methods 38: 47-60).

Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers shown below were designed to PCR amplify the Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase gene from pSaMe04 to construct a Trichoderma expression vector. An IN-FUSION™ Cloning Kit was used to clone the fragment directly into the expression vector pMJ09 (WO 2005/056772), without the need for restriction digestion and ligation.

TrBXYL-F (ID 064491): (SEQ ID NO: 137) 5′-CGGACTGCGCACCATGGTGAATAACGCAGCTCT-3′ TrBXYL-R (ID 064492): (SEQ ID NO: 138) 5′-TCGCCACGGAGCTTATTATGCGTCAGGTGTAGCAT-3′ Bold letters represent coding sequence. The remaining sequence is homologous to the insertion sites of pMJO9.

Fifty picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction composed of 50 ng of pSaMe04, 1 μL of 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 5 μL of 10× ACCUTAQ™ DNA Polymerase Buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA), and 5 units of ACCUTAQ™ DNA Polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA), in a final volume of 50 μL. An EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 was used to amplify the DNA fragment programmed for one cycle at 95° C. for 3 minutes; and 30 cycles each at 94° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 60 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 30 seconds. After the 30 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 72° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled to 4° C. until further processing.

The reaction products were isolated by 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer where a 1.2 kb product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The 1.2 kb fragment was then cloned into pMJO9 using an IN-FUSION™ Cloning Kit. The vector was digested with Nco I and Pac I and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis as described above. The gene fragment and the digested vector were ligated together in a reaction resulting in the expression plasmid pSaMe-TrBXYL in which transcription of the beta-xylosidase gene was under the control of the T. reesei cbh1 gene promoter. The ligation reaction (50 μL) was composed of 1× IN-FUSION™ Buffer, 1×BSA, 1 μL of IN-FUSION™ enzyme (diluted 1:10), 100 ng of pMJO9 digested with Nco I and Pac I, and 100 ng of the Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase purified PCR product. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. One microliter of the reaction was used to transform E. coli XL10 SOLOPACK® Gold cells. An E. coli transformant containing pSaMe-TrBXYL was detected by restriction enzyme digestion and plasmid DNA was prepared using a BIOROBOT® 9600. DNA sequencing of the Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase gene from pSaMe-TrBXYL was performed using dye-terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992, supra) and primer walking strategy.

Plasmid pSaMe-AaXYL was constructed to comprise the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter and terminator and the Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase coding sequence.

Cloning of the Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase followed the overall expression cloning protocol as outlined in H. Dalbøge et al., 1994, Mol. Gen. Genet. 243: 253-260.

RNA was isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus CBS 101.43 mycelium. Poly(A)⁺ RNA was isolated from total RNA by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized as described by Maniatis et al. (Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1982). After synthesis the cDNA was treated with mung bean nuclease, blunt-ended with T4 DNA polymerase, and ligated to non-palindromic Bst XI adaptors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA). The cDNA was size fractionated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer where fragments ranging from 600 bp to 4000 bp were used in the library construction. The DNA was ligated into Bst XI-digested pYES 2.0 between the GAL1 promoter and the iso-1-cytochrome c terminator and transformed into Escherichia coli MC1061 cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA. The library was plated onto LB plates and incubated overnight at 37° C. The colonies were scraped from the plates and resuspended in LB medium supplemented with 100 μg of ampicillin per milliliter. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a Plasmid Midi Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valenicia, Calif., USA). The purified plasmid DNA was pooled.

The purified plasmid DNA mixture was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae W3124 cells (MATa; ura 3-52; leu 2-3, 112; h is 3-D200; pep 4-1137; prcl::HIS3; prbl:: LEU2; cir+; van den Hazel et al., 1992, Eur. J. Biochem. 207: 277-283). Cultivation, transformation and media were as described by Guthrie et al., 1991, Meth. Enzymol. Vol 194, Academic Press. The transformed cells were plated onto synthetic complete agar containing 2% glucose for 3 days at 30° C. After three days the colonies were replica plated to SC medium with 2% galactose and incubated for four days at 30° C. Xylanase expressing colonies were identified by 1% agarose overlay with 0.1% AZCL-Birch-Xylan at pH 4.5 (Dalbøge, 2006, FEMS Microbiology Reviews 21: 29-42). Colonies expressing xylanase activity were surrounded by a blue zone. Plasmid DNA, rescued from the positive colonies, contained a DNA insert of approximately 1.3 kb. Sequencing of the isolated gene fragment revealed a 1218 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide with a theoretical molecular weight of 43.0 kDa. The cDNA fragment was subcloned into the Aspergillus expression vector pHD464 (Dalbøge and Heldt-Hansen, 1994, Mol. Gen. Genet. 243, 253-260) digested with Bam HI and Xho I by cutting the clone with Bam HI and Xho I and isolating the 1.2 kb cDNA insert (Christgau et al., 1996, Biochem. J. 319: 705-712) to generate plasmid pA2X2.

The Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase coding sequence was PCR amplified using plasmid pA2x2 as template and primers 153505 and 153506 shown below using standard methods to yield an approximately 1.2 kb fragment. The 1.2 kb fragment was digested with Bam HI and Xho I (introduced in the PCR primers) and cloned into vector pCaHj527 (WO 2004/099228). The resulting plasmid was designated pMT2155 in which the cDNA was under transcriptional control of the neutral amylase II (NA2) promoter from A. niger and the AMG terminator from A. niger.

Primer 153505: (SEQ ID NO: 139) 5′-TCTTGGATCCACCATGGTCGGACTGCTTTCAATCACC-3′ Primer 153506: (SEQ ID NO: 140) 5′-TTAACTCGAGTCACAGACACTGCGAGTAATAGTC-3′

Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers shown below were designed to PCR amplify the Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 gene from plasmid pMT2155 and introduce flanking regions for insertion into expression vector pMJO9 (WO 2005/056772). Bold letters represent coding sequence and the remaining sequence is homologous to the insertion sites of pMJO9.

Forward Primer: (SEQ ID NO: 141) 5′-CGGACTGCGCACCATGGTCGGACTGCTTTCAAT-3′ Reverse Primer: (SEQ ID NO: 142) 5′-TCGCCACGGAGCTTATCACAGACACTGCGAGTAAT-3′

Fifty picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction consisting of 50 ng of pMT2155, 1 μL of 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 5 μL of 10× ACCUTAQ™ DNA Polymerase Buffer, and 5 units of ACCUTAQ™ DNA Polymerase, in a final volume of 50 μL. An EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 was used to amplify the DNA fragment programmed for one cycle at 95° C. for 3 minutes; and 30 cycles each at 94° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 60 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 30 seconds. After the 30 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 72° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled to 4° C. until further processing.

The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 1.2 kb product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The fragment was then cloned into pMJO9 using an IN-FUSION™ Cloning Kit. The vector was digested with Nco I and Pac I and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis as described above. The 1.2 kb gene fragment and the digested vector were ligated together in a reaction resulting in the expression plasmid pSaMe-AaXYL in which transcription of the Family GH10 gene was under the control of the T. reesei cbh1 promoter. The ligation reaction (50 μL) was composed of 1×IN-FUSION™ Buffer, 1×BSA, 1 μL of IN-FUSION™ enzyme (diluted 1:10), 100 ng of pAILo2 digested with Nco I and Pac I, and 100 ng of the Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase purified PCR product. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. One microliter of the reaction was used to transform E. coli XL10 SOLOPACK® Gold cells according to the manufacturer. An E. coli transformant containing pSaMe-AaGH10 was detected by restriction enzyme digestion and plasmid DNA was prepared using a BIOROBOT® 9600. DNA sequencing of the Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 gene from pSaMe-AaXYL was performed using dye-terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992, supra) and primer walking strategy.

Plasmids pSaMe-AaXYL encoding the Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 endoglucanase and pSaMe-TrBXYL encoding the Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase were co-transformed into Trichoderma reesei RutC30 by PEG-mediated transformation (Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61 155-164) to generate T. reesei strain SaMe-BXX13. Each plasmid contained the Aspergillus nidulans amdS gene to enable transformants to grow on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source.

Trichoderma reesei RutC30 was cultivated at 27° C. and 90 rpm in 25 mL of YP medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) glucose and 10 mM uridine for 17 hours. Mycelia were collected by filtration using a Vacuum Driven Disposable Filtration System (Millipore, Bedford, Mass., USA) and washed twice with deionized water and twice with 1.2 M sorbitol.

Protoplasts were generated by suspending the washed mycelia in 20 mL of 1.2 M sorbitol containing 15 mg of GLUCANEX™ (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) per milliliter and 0.36 units of chitinase (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., USA) per milliliter and incubating for 15-25 minutes at 34° C. with gentle shaking at 90 rpm. Protoplasts were collected by centrifuging for 7 minutes at 400×g and washed twice with cold 1.2 M sorbitol. The protoplasts were counted using a haemacytometer and re-suspended in STC to a final concentration of 1×10⁸ protoplasts per milliliter. Excess protoplasts were stored in a Cryo 1° C. Freezing Container (Nalgene, Rochester, N.Y., USA) at −80° C.

Approximately 4 μg of plasmids pSaMe-AaXYL and pSaMe-TRBXYL were digested with Pme I and added to 100 μL of protoplast solution and mixed gently, followed by 250 μL of 10 mM CaCl₂-10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5-60% PEG 4000, mixed, and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. STC (3 mL) was then added and mixed and the transformation solution was plated onto COVE plates using Aspergillus nidulans amdS selection. The plates were incubated at 28° C. for 5-7 days. Transformants were sub-cultured onto COVE2 plates and grown at 28° C.

Over 40 transformants were subcultured onto fresh plates containing acetamide and allowed to sporulate for 7 days at 28° C.

The Trichoderma reesei transformants were cultivated in 125 mL baffled shake flasks containing 25 mL of cellulase-inducing medium at pH 6.0 by inoculating spores of the transformants and incubating at 28° C. and 200 rpm for 7 days. Trichoderma reesei RutC30 was run as a control. Culture broth samples were removed at day 5. One milliliter of each culture broth was centrifuged at 15,700×g for 5 minutes in a micro-centrifuge and the supernatants transferred to new tubes.

SDS-PAGE was performed using CRITERION® Tris-HCl (5% resolving) gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) with a CRITERION® System. Five microliters of day 7 supernatants (see above) were suspended in 2× concentration of Laemmli Sample Buffer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif., USA) and boiled in the presence of 5% beta-mercaptoethanol for 3 minutes. The supernatant samples were loaded onto a polyacrylamide gel and subjected to electrophoresis with 1× Tris/Glycine/SDS as running buffer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif., USA). The resulting gel was stained with BIO-SAFE™ Coomassie Stain. The transformant showing the highest expression of both the A. aculeatus GH10 xylanase and the T. reesei beta-xylosidase based on the protein gel was designated T. reesei SaMe-BXX13.

Trichoderma reesei SaMe-BXX13 was cultivated in 500 mL baffled shake flasks containing 250 mL of cellulase-inducing medium at pH 6.0 inoculated with spores of T. reesei SaMe-BXX13. Shake flasks were incubated at 28° C. at 200 rpm for five days. The culture broth was then filtered using an EXPRESS™ Plus Membrane (0.22 μm).

The filtered broth was concentrated and buffer exchanged using a tangential flow concentrator equipped with a 10 kDa polyethersulfone membrane to pH 4.0 with acetic acid. Sample was loaded onto a SP SEPHAROSE® column equilibrated in 50 mM sodium acetate pH 4.0, eluting bound proteins with a gradient of 0-1000 mM sodium chloride. Fractions were buffer exchanged into 20 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0 using a tangential flow concentrator and applied to a Phenyl SUPEROSE™ column (HR 16/10) equilibrated with 1.5 M (NH₄)₂SO₄-20 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0. Bound proteins were eluted with a linear gradient over 20 column volumes from 1.5 to 0 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0. The protein fractions were buffer exchanged into 20 mM TEA HCl pH 7.5 using a tangential flow concentrator. Sample was applied to a MonoQ® column, equilibrated in 20 mM TEA HCl pH 7.5, eluting bound proteins with a gradient from 0-300 mM sodium chloride. Buffer of final protein fractions was 20 mM TEA-100 mM sodium chloride pH 7.5. Protein concentration was determined using a Microplate BCA™ Protein Assay Kit in which bovine serum albumin was used as a protein standard.

Example 2 Preparation of Aspergillus fumigatus Strain NN051616 GH3 Beta-xylosidase Q0H905

The Aspergillus fumigatus strain NN051616 GH3 beta-xylosidase (SEQ ID NO: 133 [DNA sequence] and SEQ ID NO: 134 [deduced amino acid sequence]) was recombinantly prepared according to the following procedure.

Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers shown below were designed to PCR amplify the Aspergillus fumigatus beta xylosidase gene from the genomic DNA. An InFusion Cloning Kit (Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.) was used to clone the fragment directly into the expression vector, pAILo2 (WO 2005/074647), without the need for restriction digests and ligation.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 143) 5′-ACTGGATTTACCATGGCGGTTGCCAAATCTATTGCT-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 144) 5′-TCACCTCTAGTTAATTAATCACGCAGACGAAATCTGCT-3′ Bold letters represent coding sequence. The remaining sequence is homologous to the insertion sites of pAILo2.

Fifteen picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction containing 250 ng of Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA, 1× Expand High Fidelity Buffer with MgCl₂ (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.), 1 μL of 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 0.75 units of Expand High fidelity Enzyme Mix (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.), in a final volume of 50 μL. The amplification conditions were one cycle at 94° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C. for 15 seconds, 56.5° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes; and 20 cycles each at 94° C. for 15 seconds, 56.5° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes plus 5 seconds per successive cycle. The heat block was then held at 72° C. for 7 minutes followed by a 4° C. soak cycle.

The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer and a 2.4 kb product band was excised from the gel and purified using a MinElute® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The fragment was then cloned into pAILo2 using an InFusion Cloning Kit. The vector was digested with Nco I and Pac I (using conditions specified by the manufacturer). The fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis and QIAquick kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.) gel purification. The gene fragment and the digested vector were combined together in a reaction resulting in the expression plasmid pAG57, in which transcription of the Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase gene was under the control of the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase). The recombination reaction (20 μl) was composed of 1× InFusion Buffer (Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.), 1×BSA (Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.), 1 μL of InFusion enzyme (diluted 1:10) (Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.), 182 ng of pAILo2 digested with Nco I and Pac I, and 97.7 ng of the Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase purified PCR product. The reaction was incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes followed by 15 minutes at 50° C. The reaction was diluted with 40 μL of TE buffer and 2.5 μL of the diluted reaction was used to transform E. coli Top10 Competent cells. An E. coli transformant containing pAG57 (Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase gene) was identified by restriction enzyme digestion and plasmid DNA was prepared using a BIOROBOT® 9600. The pAG57 plasmid construct was sequenced using an Applied Biosystems 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) to verify the sequence.

Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 protoplasts were prepared according to the method of Christensen et al., 1988, Bio/Technology 6: 1419-1422 and transformed with 5 μg of pAG57. Twenty-four transformants were isolated to individual PDA plates.

Plugs taken from the original transformation plate of each of the twenty-four transformants were added to 1 mL of M410 separately in 24 well plates, which were incubated at 34° C. After three days of incubation, 7.5 μL of supernatant from each culture was analyzed using Criterion stain-free, 8-16% gradient SDS-PAGE, (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. SDS-PAGE profiles of the cultures showed that several transformants had a new major band of approximately 130 kDa.

Confluent PDA plate of the highest expressing transformant was washed with 5 mL of 0.01% TWEEN® 20 and inoculated into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of M410 medium. Inoculated flask was incubated with shaking for 3 days at 34° C. The broth was filtered through a 0.22 μm stericup suction filter (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.).

Filtered broth was concentrated and buffer exchanged using a tangential flow concentrator (Pall Filtron, Northborough, Mass., USA) equipped with a 10 kDa polyethersulfone membrane (Pall Filtron, Northborough, Mass., USA) with 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0. Protein concentration was determined using a Microplate BCA™ Protein Assay Kit in which bovine serum albumin was used as a protein standard.

Example 3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Cellulolytic Enzymes and Beta-Xylosidase

Liquor from pretreated biomass was obtained from Greenfield Ethanol, Inc. (see U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0263814) and prepared by pressing corn cobs containing about 40% total solids (TS) following pretreatment by steam explosion. The resulting liquor containing primarily hemicellulosic material (about 88% of all solubilised sugars) was diluted to 73% of the original strength (i.e., after 27% dilution) and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at a 20 g scale (pH 5.0, 50° C., 3 days) using: (a) an enzyme composition of Trichoderma reesei cellulases, Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (WO 2005/074656), Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637), and Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase (WO 94/21785) at a dosage of 1.6 mg protein/mL of original liquor; (b) the enzyme composition of (a) at 1.6 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.08 mg/mL of original liquor; (c) the enzyme composition of (a) at 1.6 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.44 mg/mL of original liquor; (d) Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.08 mg/mL of original liquor; and (e) Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.44 mg/mL of original liquor. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, the samples were diluted in 0.005 M H₂SO₄ and the sugar concentrations measured using a 4.6×250 mm AMINEX® HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif., USA) by elution with 0.005 M H₂SO₄ (65° C.; flow rate of 0.6 mL/minute), and quantitated by integration of the glucose, cellobiose, and xylose signals from refractive index detection (CHEMSTATION®, AGILENT® 1100 HPLC, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif., USA).

As shown in FIG. 1, compared to a control with no enzymes, addition of either beta-xylosidase alone (d and e) or the enzyme composition containing cellulases without beta-xylosidase (a) were able to boosts xylan oligomer conversion to xylose. However, the combination of the enzyme composition containing cellulases together with beta-xylosidase (b and c) showed significant increase in xylose production when compared to either the enzyme composition containing cellulases or the beta-xylosidase acting alone. Further, the combination of the enzyme composition containing cellulases together with beta-xylosidase was able to convert nearly all xylan oligomers of the pretreated biomass liquor into xylose (releasing a maximum possible xylose of 72 g/L as measured by standard NREL compositional analysis protocol (Sluiter, et al., 2008, Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). 14 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-510-42623).

Example 4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Cellulolytic Enzymes and Varying Dosage of Beta-Xylosidase

Liquor from pretreated biomass was obtained from Greenfield Ethanol and prepared as described in Example 3. The resulting liquor containing primarily hemicellulosic material (about 88% of all solubilised sugars) was diluted to 73% of the original strength (i.e., after 27% dilution) and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at a 20 g scale (pH 5.0, 50° C., 3 days) using: (a) an enzyme composition of Trichoderma reesei cellulases, Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase fusion protein, and Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase at a dosage of 0.8 mg protein/mL of original liquor; (b) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.8 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.008 mg/mL of original liquor; (c) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.8 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.044 mg/mL of original liquor; (d) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.8 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.088 mg/mL of original liquor; (e) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.8 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.044 mg/mL of original liquor; and (f) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.8 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.088 mg/mL of original liquor. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, the samples were diluted in 0.005 M H₂SO₄ and the sugar concentrations measured using a 4.6×250 mm AMINEX® HPX-87H column as described in Example 3.

As shown in FIG. 2, the use of an enzyme composition containing cellulases together with minimal amounts of beta-xylosidase (b-f) greatly enhanced xylan oligomer hydrolysis to xylose. Further, the combination of the enzyme composition containing cellulases together with beta-xylosidase could be optimized to near quantitative conversion of xylan oligomers of the pretreated biomass liquor into xyloase at a low-protein dose (releasing a maximum possible xylose of 72 g/L as measured by standard NREL compositional analysis protocol).

Example 5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Cellulolytic Enzymes and Different Beta-Xylosidases

Liquor from pretreated biomass was obtained from Greenfield Ethanol and prepared as described in Example 3. The resulting liquor containing primarily hemicellulosic material (about 88% of all solubilised sugars) was diluted to 90% of the original strength (i.e., after 10% dilution) and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at a 20 g scale (pH 5.0, 50° C., 3 days) using: (a) an enzyme composition of Trichoderma reesei cellulases, Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase fusion protein, and Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase at a dosage of 0.16 mg protein/mL of original liquor; (b) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.16 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.088 mg/mL of original liquor; (c) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.16 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.17 mg/mL of original liquor; and (d) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.16 mg protein/mL along with Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase at 0.088 mg/mL of original liquor. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, the samples were diluted in 0.005 M H₂SO₄ and the sugar concentrations measured using a 4.6×250 mm AMINEX® HPX-87H column as described in Example 3.

As shown in FIG. 3, the use of a minimal amount of the enzyme composition containing cellulases together with minimal amounts of beta-xylosidase from either Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus fumigatus greatly enhances xylan oligomer hydrolysis to xylose. In addition, the use of Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase produced similar results at about half the protein dose of Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase.

Example 6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis at Constant Protein Loading with Varying Doses of Cellulolytic Enzymes and Beta-Xylosidases

Liquor from pretreated biomass was obtained from Greenfield Ethanol and prepared as described in Example 3. The resulting liquor containing primarily hemicellulosic material (about 88% of all solubilised sugars) was diluted to 75% of the original strength (i.e., after 25% dilution) and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at a 20 g scale (pH 5.0, 50° C., 3 days) using: (a) an enzyme composition of Trichoderma reesei cellulases, Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase fusion protein, and Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase at a dosage of 0.33 mg protein/mL of original liquor (Cellulase 1); (b) Trichoderma reesei cellulases at 0.33 mg protein/mL of original liquor (Cellulase 2); (c) Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase at 0.33 mg/mL of original liquor; (d) Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.33 mg/mL of original liquor; (e) the enzyme composition of (a) at 0.16 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.17 mg/mL of original liquor; (f) the Trichoderma reesei cellulases of (b) at 0.16 mg protein/mL along with Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.17 mg/mL of original liquor; and (g) Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase at 0.16 mg/mL and Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase at 0.17 mg/mL of original liquor. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, the samples were diluted in 0.005 M H₂SO₄ and the sugar concentrations measured using a 4.6×250 mm AMINEX® HPX-87H column as described in Example 3.

As shown in FIG. 4, the use of the enzyme composition containing cellulases (a), cellulose enzymes alone (b), or beta-xylosidase alone (d) were effective in hydrolyzing xylan oligomers to xylose. However, the combination of the enzyme composition containing cellulases (a) or cellulose enzymes (b) together with beta-xylosidase (e and f) showed a significant increase in xylose production compared to the enzyme composition cellulose enzymes (a), cellulose enzymes alone (b), and beta-xylosidase alone (d) at the same protein loading. Further, the combination of the enzyme composition containing cellulases (a) or cellulose enzymes (b) together with beta-xylosidase (e and f) showed a significant increase in xylose production compared to xylanase together with beta-xylosidase (g) at the same protein loading.

The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific aspects herein disclosed, since these aspects are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent aspects are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control.

In some aspects, the present invention may be described by the following numbered paragraphs:

-   [1]A method of degrading biomass material, comprising:

(a) pretreating biomass material to provide a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, wherein at least about 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material;

(b) separating the liquid fraction from the solid fraction;

(c) saccharifying the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition comprising one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase.

-   [2] The method of paragraph 1, wherein pretreating comprises a     chemical pretreatment, a physical pretreatment, or a chemical     pretreatment and a physical pretreatment. -   [3] The method of paragraph 2, wherein pretreating comprises steam     explosion pretreatment. -   [4] The method of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein separating the     liquid fraction from the solid fraction is performed prior to     saccharification. -   [5] The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein at least about     55% of the biomass material (or total sugar) in the liquid fraction,     e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98%,     is hemicellulosic material. -   [6] The method of any of paragraphs 1-5, wherein the one or more     (several) cellulases are selected from the group consisting of an     endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase. -   [7] The method of any of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the one or more     (several) cellulases comprise one or more (several) cellulases from     Trichoderma (e.g., Trichoderma reesei). -   [8] The method of any of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the total     concentration of the one or more (several) cellulases during     saccharifying is at least about 0.005 mg/mL, e.g., at least about     0.01 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL, 0.3     mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.7 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, 0.9     mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 1.1 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.3 mg/mL, 1.4 mg/mL, 1.5     mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, 1.7 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL, 1.9 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL, 2.5     mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, or 5.0 mg/mL. -   [9] The method of any of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the total     concentration of the one or more (several) cellulases during     saccharifying is at least about 0.16 mg/mL. -   [10] The method of any of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the     beta-xylosidase is a Trichoderma beta-xylosidase (e.g., Trichoderma     reesei) or an Aspergillus beta-xylosidase (e.g., Aspergillus     fumigatus). -   [11] The method of any of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the total     concentration of the beta-xylosidase during saccharifying is less     than about 5.0 mg/mL, e.g., less than about 3.0 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL,     2.0 mg/mL, 1.9 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL, 1.7 mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL,     1.4 mg/mL, 1.3 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.1 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 0.9 mg/mL,     0.8 mg/mL, 0.7 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL,     0.2 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, or 0.005     mg/mL. -   [12] The method of any of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the total     concentration of the beta-xylosidase during saccharifying is less     than about 0.17 mg/mL. -   [13] The method of any of paragraphs 1-12, wherein the ratio of the     total concentration of cellulases to the total concentration of the     beta-xylosidase during saccharifying is from 1:10 to 10:1, e.g.,     from 1:10, 1:7.5, 1:5, 1:2.5, 1:1.1, or 1:1, to any of 1:1, 2.5:1,     5:1, 7.5:1, or 10:1. -   [14] The method of any of paragraphs 1-13, wherein the enzyme     composition comprises one or more (several) additional enzymes     selected from the group consisting of a cellulase, a GH61     polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a hemicellulase,     an expansin, an esterase, a laccase, a ligninolytic enzyme, a     pectinase, a peroxidase, a protease, and a swollenin. -   [15] The method of paragraph 14, wherein the cellulase is one or     more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of an     endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase. -   [16] The method of paragraph 14, wherein the hemicellulase is one or     more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of a     xylanase, an acetyxylan esterase, a feruloyl esterase, an     arabinofuranosidase, a xylosidase, and a glucuronidase. -   [17] The method of any of paragraphs 1-13, wherein the enzyme     composition comprises one or more (several) additional enzymes     selected from the group consisting of a GH61 polypeptide having     cellulolytic enhancing activity (e.g., a Thermoascus aurantiacus     GH61 polypeptide), a beta-glucosidase (e.g., an Aspergillus     fumigatus beta-glucosidase), and a xylanase (e.g., an Aspergillus     aculeatus xylanase). -   [18] The method of any of paragraphs 1-17, wherein saccharifying the     liquid fraction with an enzyme composition is conducted for at least     12 hours, e.g., at least 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 60 hours, or     72 hours. -   [19] The method of any of paragraphs 1-18, wherein saccharifying the     liquid fraction with an enzyme composition is conducted from 25° C.     to 75° C., e.g., 30° C. to 70° C., 35° C. to 65° C., 40° C. to 60°     C., 45° C. to 55° C., or about 50° C. -   [20] The method of any of paragraphs 1-19, wherein saccharifying the     liquid fraction with an enzyme composition is conducted at a pH from     3.0 to 7.0, e.g., 3.5 to 6.5, 4.0 to 6.0, 4.5 to 5.5 or about 5.0. -   [21] The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the resulting     xylose concentration following saccharifying is at least 30 g/L,     e.g., at least 35 g/L, 40 g/L, 45 g/L, 50 g/L, 55 g/L, 60 g/L, 65     g/L, 70 g/L, or 75 g/L. -   [22] The method of any of paragraphs 1-21, wherein the resulting     xylose concentration following saccharifying is at least 1.05, e.g.,     1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.45, or 1.5 times higher     compared to the resulting xylose concentration from the method under     the same conditions when the enzyme composition does not contain the     one or more cellulases. -   [23] The method of paragraph 22, wherein the resulting xylose     concentration following saccharifying is at least 1.05, e.g., 1.1,     1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.45, or 1.5 times higher compared     to the resulting xylose concentration from the method under the same     conditions when the enzyme composition does not contain the one or     more cellulases and when the total enzyme loading of the one or more     cellulases and beta-xylosidase remains constant. -   [24] The method of any of paragraphs 1-22, further comprising     recovering the resulting xylose following saccharifying. -   [25]A method of producing a fermentation product, comprising:

(a) saccharifying biomass material with an enzyme composition, wherein at least 50% of the biomass material (or total sugar) is hemicellulosic material, and wherein the enzyme composition comprises one or more (several) cellulases and a beta-xylosidase;

(b) fermenting the saccharified biomass material; and

(c) recovering the fermentation product from (b).

-   [26] The method of paragraph 25, wherein at least about 55% of the     biomass material (or total sugar), e.g., at least about 60%, 65%,     70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, is hemicellulosic material. -   [27] The method of paragraph 25 or 26, wherein the one or more     (several) cellulases are selected from the group consisting of an     endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase. -   [28] The method of any of paragraphs 25-27, wherein the one or more     (several) cellulases comprise one or more (several) cellulases from     Trichoderma (e.g., Trichoderma reesei). -   [29] The method of any of paragraphs 25-28, wherein the total     concentration of the one or more (several) cellulases during     saccharifying is at least about 0.005 mg/mL, e.g., at least about     0.01 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL, 0.3     mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.7 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, 0.9     mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 1.1 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.3 mg/mL, 1.4 mg/mL, 1.5     mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, 1.7 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL, 1.9 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL, 2.5     mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, or 5.0 mg/mL. -   [30] The method of any of paragraphs 25-28, wherein the total     concentration of the one or more (several) cellulases during     saccharifying is at least about 0.16 mg/mL. -   [31] The method of any of paragraphs 25-30, wherein the     beta-xylosidase is a Trichoderma beta-xylosidase (e.g., Trichoderma     reesei) or an Aspergillus beta-xylosidase (e.g., Aspergillus     fumigatus). -   [32] The method of any of paragraphs 25-31, wherein the total     concentration of the beta-xylosidase during saccharifying is less     than about 5.0 mg/mL, e.g., less than about 3.0 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL,     2.0 mg/mL, 1.9 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL, 1.7 mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL,     1.4 mg/mL, 1.3 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.1 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 0.9 mg/mL,     0.8 mg/mL, 0.7 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL,     0.2 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, or 0.005     mg/mL. -   [33] The method of any of paragraphs 25-31, wherein the total     concentration of the beta-xylosidase during saccharifying is less     than about 0.17 mg/mL. -   [34] The method of any of paragraphs 25-33, wherein the ratio of the     total concentration of cellulases to the total concentration of the     beta-xylosidase during saccharifying is from 1:10 to 10:1, e.g.,     from 1:10, 1:7.5, 1:5, 1:2.5, 1:1.1, or 1:1, to any of 1:1, 2.5:1,     5:1, 7.5:1, or 10:1. -   [35] The method of any of paragraphs 25-34, wherein the enzyme     composition comprises one or more (several) additional enzymes     selected from the group consisting of a cellulase, a GH61     polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a hemicellulase,     an expansin, an esterase, a laccase, a ligninolytic enzyme, a     pectinase, a peroxidase, a protease, and a swollenin. -   [36] The method of paragraph 35, wherein the cellulase one or more     (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of an     endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, and a beta-glucosidase. -   [37] The method of paragraph 35, wherein the hemicellulase is one or     more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of a     xylanase, an acetyxylan esterase, a feruloyl esterase, an     arabinofuranosidase, a xylosidase, and a glucuronidase. -   [38] The method of any of paragraphs 25-34, wherein the enzyme     composition comprises one or more (several) additional enzymes     selected from the group consisting of a GH61 polypeptide having     cellulolytic enhancing activity (e.g., a Thermoascus aurantiacus     GH61 polypeptide), a beta-glucosidase (e.g., an Aspergillus     fumigatus beta-glucosidase), and a xylanase (e.g., an Aspergillus     aculeatus xylanase). -   [39] The method of any of paragraphs 25-38, wherein saccharifying     the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition is conducted for at     least 12 hours, e.g., at least 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 60     hours, or 72 hours. -   [40] The method of any of paragraphs 25-39, wherein saccharifying     the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition is conducted from     25° C. to 75° C., e.g., 30° C. to 70° C., 35° C. to 65° C., 40° C.     to 60° C., 45° C. to 55° C., or about 50° C. -   [41] The method of any of paragraphs 25-40, wherein saccharifying     the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition is conducted at a pH     from 3.0 to 7.0, e.g., 3.5 to 6.5, 4.0 to 6.0, 4.5 to 5.5 or about     5.0. -   [42] The method of any of paragraphs 25-41, wherein the saccharified     biomass material comprises xylose at a concentration at least 30     g/L, e.g., at least 35 g/L, 40 g/L, 45 g/L, 50 g/L, 55 g/L, 60 g/L,     65 g/L, 70 g/L, or 75 g/L. -   [43] The method of any of paragraphs 25-42, wherein the saccharified     biomass material comprises xylose at a concentration at least 1.05,     e.g., 1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.45, or 1.5 times     higher compared to the xylose concentration from the method under     the same conditions when the enzyme composition does not contain the     one or more cellulases. -   [44] The method of paragraph 43, wherein the saccharified biomass     material comprises xylose at a concentration at least 1.05, e.g.,     1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.45, or 1.5 times higher     compared to the xylose concentration from the method under the same     conditions when the enzyme composition does not contain the one or     more cellulases and when the total enzyme loading of the one or more     cellulases and beta-xylosidase remains constant. -   [45] The method of any of paragraphs 25-44, wherein the biomass     material of step (a) contains less than 10%, e.g., less than 9%, 8%,     7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% total solids. -   [46] The method of any of paragraphs 25-45, wherein the fermentation     product is an alcohol, an organic acid, a ketone, an amino acid, or     a gas. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of degrading a biomass material, comprising (a) pretreating the biomass material to provide a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, wherein at least 50% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material; (b) separating the liquid fraction from the solid fraction; (c) after separation, saccharification of the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition comprising a cellobiohydrolase, an endoglucanase, a beta-glucosidase, a GH61 polypeptide, a xylanase, and a beta-xylosidase.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 60% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 65% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 70% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 75% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 80% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 85% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 90% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.01 mg/mL.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.05 mg/mL.
 11. The method of claim 3, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.01 mg/mL.
 12. The method of claim 3, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.05 mg/mL.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the beta-xylosidase during saccharification is less than 1.7 mg/mL.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:10 to 10:1.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:5 to 5:1.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:1 to 2.5:1.
 17. The method of claim 3, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:10 to 10:1.
 18. The method of claim 3, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:5 to 5:1.
 19. The method of claim 3, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:1 to 2.5:1.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharification further comprises saccharification of the liquid fraction with one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of an acetylmannan esterase, an acetyxylan esterase, an arabinanase, an arabinofuranosidase, a coumaric acid esterase, a feruloyl esterase, a galactosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronoyl esterase, a mannanase, and a mannosidase.
 21. A method of producing a fermentation product, comprising (a) pretreating the biomass material to provide a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, wherein at least 50% of the total sugar in the liquid fraction is hemicellulosic material; (b) separating the liquid fraction from the solid fraction; (c) after separation, saccharification of the liquid fraction with an enzyme composition comprising a cellobiohydrolase, an endoglucanase, a beta-glucosidase, a GH61 polypeptide, a xylanase, and a beta-xylosidase; (d) fermenting the saccharified biomass material; and (e) recovering the fermentation product from (e).
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 60% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 65% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 70% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 75% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 80% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 27. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 85% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 28. The method of claim 21, wherein at least 90% of the total sugar is hemicellulosic material.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.01 mg/mL.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.05 mg/mL.
 31. The method of claim 23, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.01 mg/mL.
 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and GH61 polypeptide during saccharification is at least 0.05 mg/mL.
 33. The method of claim 21, wherein the total concentration of the beta-xylosidase during saccharification is less than 1.7 mg/mL.
 34. The method of claim 21, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:10 to 10:1.
 35. The method of claim 21, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:5 to 5:1.
 36. The method of claim 21, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:1 to 2.5:1.
 37. The method of claim 23, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:10 to 10:1.
 38. The method of claim 23, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:5 to 5:1.
 39. The method of claim 23, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of the cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and GH61 polypeptide to the total concentration of beta-xylosidase during saccharification is from 1:1 to 2.5:1.
 40. The method of claim 21, wherein the saccharification further comprises saccharification of the liquid fraction with one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of an acetylmannan esterase, an acetyxylan esterase, an arabinanase, an arabinofuranosidase, a coumaric acid esterase, a feruloyl esterase, a galactosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronoyl esterase, a mannanase, and a mannosidase.
 41. The method of claim 21, wherein the fermentation product is an alcohol, an organic acid, a ketone, or a gas.
 42. The method of claim 21, wherein the fermentation product is an amino acid. 